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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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___ occupies space at any given time and has a mass.
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Matter
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Capacity to do work (puts matter to work).
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Energy
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Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
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Chemical elements
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Units of matter of all chemical elements.
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Atom
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What subatomic particles can be found in an atom and what are their charges?
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An atom is made up of a nucleus that contains protons (+) and neutrons (neutral). Surrounding the nucleus are electrons (-).
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What are the main chemical elements in the body?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
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CHONP
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The # of electrons in an atom always equals the # of ___.
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Protons
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The # of protons in the nucleus is called ___.
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Atomic number
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The sum of an atom's protons and neutrons is called ___.
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Mass number
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Atoms of an element with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons are called ___.
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Isotopes
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Isotopes who are unstable and have nuclei that decay into a stable configuration are said to be ___.
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Radioactive isotopes
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Time required for half of the radioactive atoms in an isotope sample to decay into a more stable form.
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Half-life
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On the periodic table, is a group horizontal or vertical? What is similar in a group?
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Vertical. A group has the same charge and the same configuration in the valence shell.
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On the periodic table, is a period horizontal or vertical? What is similar in a period?
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Horizontal. A period has the same # of shells.
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Describe the octet rule.
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Electron shells follow the 2-8-8 pattern.
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Standard unit for measuring mass of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Dalton
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The average mass of all of an element's naturally occurring isotopes is called ___. It is typically close to the mass number of its most abundant isotope.
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Atomic mass (or weight)
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An atom with a (+) or (-) charge because it has an unequal # of protons and electrons.
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Ion
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Process of giving up or gaining electrons.
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Ionization
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Atoms sharing electrons are called ___.
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Molecules
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Substance that contains 2 or more atoms of different elements.
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Compound
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Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell. Unstable and highly reactive. Can become stable by giving or gaining an electron.
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Free radical
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What substances in the body can inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals?
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Antioxidants such as selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, and vitamins C and E.
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Atoms of a molecule are held together by forces of attraction called ___.
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Chemical bonds
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The likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on ___.
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The # of electrons in an atom's valence shell.
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What type of bond holds ions together and why? Is energy needed to make or break the bond?
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Ionic bond. Positively and negatively charged ions are attracted to one another. Energy is NOT needed to make but needed to break.
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Positively charged ions are called ___.
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Cations
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Negatively charged ions are called ___.
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Anions
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An ionic compound that breaks apart into ions in solution is called ___.
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Electrolyte
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What type of bond is formed by atoms sharing 1, 2 or 3 pairs of their valence electrons? Is energy needed to make or break the bond?
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Covalent bond. Energy is needed to make but not needed to break.
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What is the different between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
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In a nonpolar bond, atoms share electrons equally. In a polar bond there in unequal sharing of electrons.
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What element usually creates a polar covalent bond?
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Hydrogen
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What is a hydrogen bond and how is it different from ionic and covalent bonds? Is it weaker or stronger? What 2 elements is hydrogen most often attracted to?
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of another atom. It occurs in MOLECULES that are already polar covalently bonded where as ionic /covalent bonds occur between ATOMS. Hydrogen bonds are weak links compared to ionic/covalent bonds. Hydrogen is most attracted to oxygen and nitrogen.
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HON
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A ___ occurs when a new bonds form and old bonds break.
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Chemical reaction
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Starting substances in a reaction.
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Reactants
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Ending substances in a reaction.
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Products
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The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
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Metabolism
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The # of ___ is the same before and after a chemical reaction.
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Atoms
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The principle ___ states the total amount of energy at the beginning and end of a reaction is the same. Although energy can neither be created/destroyed, it can be converted from one form to another.
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Law of conservation of energy
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Energy associated with motion.
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Kinetic energy
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Energy stored by matter due to its position.
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Potential energy
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Collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants is called ___.
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Activation energy
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Name 3 factors that can cause a chemical reaction.
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Concentration, temperature, catalysts.
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Club scenario - wingman
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Chemical compounds that lower activation energy and speed up chemical reactions.
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Catalysts (enzymes)
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A ___ reaction is where 2 or more atoms/ions/molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. Is it anabolism/catabolism? Endergonic/exergonic?
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Synthesis reaction. Anabolism. Endergonic.
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A ___ reaction splits up large molecules into smaller atoms/ions/molecules. Is it anabolism/catabolism? Endergonic/exergonic?
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Decomposition reaction. Catabolism. Exergonic.
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A ___ reaction consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
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Exchange reaction
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A ___ reaction is where the products can revert to the original reaction.
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Reversible reaction
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Do inorganic compounds contain carbon? Are they complex/simple? Give 4 examples.
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Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and are structurally simple. Examples are acids, bases, salts, H2O.
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Do organic compounds contain carbon? Are they complex/simple? Give 5 examples.
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Organic compounds always contain carbon (called carbon skeleton) and are complex and always have covalent bonds. Examples are carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acid and ATP.
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What is water's most important property?
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Its polarity, the uneven sharing of valence electrons.
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What causes water to have a high heat capacity? How does thermoregulation affect the body?
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The large amount of hydrogen bonds are hard to break. Water prevents the denaturization of proteins.
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Give 5 reasons why water is important to the body.
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1) Water is a good solvent. 2) It participates in hydrolysis/dehydration synthesis reactions. 3) Lubricant 4) High surface tension (lungs) 5) High heat capacity (thermoregulation)
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Type of mixture where the solvent dissolves a solute and is transparent.
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Solution
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Type of mixture where particles are large enough to scatter light (opaque).
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Colloid
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Type of mixture where material may mix with liquid for some time but will eventually settle out (layers).
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Suspension
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Name 2 ways concentration can be measured.
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1) Mass / volume % 2) Moles / liter
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A ___ disassociates into hydrogen ions and anions. It is referred to as a proton ___.
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Acid. Proton donor.
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A ___ removes hydrogen ions from a solution and is referred to as a proton ___.
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Base. Proton acceptor.
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When dissolved in water, a ___ disassociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-. It is formed by acids and bases reacting.
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Salt
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The pH scale is based on the concentration of ___. A pH of 7 is considered ___. Blood has a pH of ___ and is slightly alkaline/acidic.
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The pH scale is based on the concentration of H+ in moles per liter. A pH of 7 is considered alkaline. Blood has a pH of 7.4 and is slightly alkaline.
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___ convert strong acids/bases into weak acids/bases.
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Buffers (buffer systems)
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An important buffer system in the body.
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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Chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called ___. Many carbons are bonded to hydrogen atoms, yielding a ___. Also attached are ___.
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Carbon skeleton. Hydrocarbon. Functional groups.
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___ have the same molecular formula but different structures.
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Isomers
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A ___ is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonds of smaller building block molecules called ___.
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Polymer. Monomer.
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Which macromolecule provides most of the energy needed for life? Name 3 groups and give 2-3 examples for each.
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Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, deoxyribose). Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose). Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose).
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A disaccharide consists of 2 monosaccharides that have been combined by what type of chemical reaction?
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Dehydration synthesis
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What is the principle polysaccharide in the human body and name 2 storage areas in the body.
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Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.
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Macromolecule represents 2-3% of your total body mass.
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Carbohydrates
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Macromolecule makes up 18-25% body mass in lean adults.
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Lipids
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What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?
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2:1
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Lipids have few polar covalent bonds and are hydrophobic. How do they become soluble in blood plasma?
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Lipids join with hydrophilic protein molecules called lipoproteins. These are soluble because the proteins are on the outside and lipids are on the inside.
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Name the 5 types of lipids in the body.
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Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
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Which lipid is used to synthesize triglycerides, phospholipids or is catabolized to generate ATP?
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Fatty acids
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What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid (can be mono or poly)?
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A saturated fatty acid contains single covalent bonds between carbons and hydrocarbon chain. An unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more double covalent bonds between carbons and hydrocarbon chain.
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Which lipid is the most plentiful in the body and provides protection, insulation and energy? What are the 4 building blocks of this lipid?
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Triglycerides are built from one glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
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Does the oxygen in the water molecule removed during hydration synthesis come from glycerol or from a fatty acid?
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Fatty acid
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A triglyceride that is solid at room temperature is a ___. If it is liquid it is a ___.
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Fat. Oil.
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Which lipid is said to be amphipathic and an important part of the cell membrane? Which portion is hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (nonpolar)?
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Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
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What is the chemical structure of a phospholipid?
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Polar head contains glycerol and phosphate group. Nonpolar tail contains 2 fatty acids.
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Which lipid has 4 rings of carbon atoms?
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Steroids
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What is synthesized in the liver and is the starting material for other steroids in the body?
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Cholesterol
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Which lipids are derived from arachidonic acid and modify hormone responses, contribute to inflammation, dilate airways and thermoregulation?
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Eicosanoids
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What are the monomers used to build proteins and how many types are there?
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There are 20 different amino acids.
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A ___ is formed by 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a ___.
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A dipeptide is formed by 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a peptide bond.
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A chain of 10-2000 amino acids is called a ___.
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Polypeptide
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What 4 parts make up a body protein?
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H atom, amino group, carboxyl group, side chain
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Name and describe the 4 levels of structural organization in a protein.
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Primary - amino acid sequence. Secondary - twisting/folding of neighboring amino acids (alpha helix or beta pleated sheets). Tertiary - 3D shape. Quaternary - arrangement of 2 or more polypeptides in relation to eachother.
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Do all proteins have a quaternary structure?
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No, proteins with a single polypeptide chain do not.
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___ of a protein by a hostile environment causes loss of its characteristic shape and function.
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Denaturization
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Which macromolecule gives body structure, regulate processes, provide protection, muscle contraction, transport substances, enzymes.
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Protein
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Catalysts in living cells are called ___.
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Enzymes
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What are 3 characteristics of enzymes?
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1) Enzymes are highly specific (2) Efficient - speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy (3) Are subject to a variety of cellular controls (genes)
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What are the 3 phases in the enzyme-substrate process?
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1) Enzyme and substrate join at active site, forming enzyme-substrate complex (2) Enzyme catalyzes RXN and transforms products (3) When RXN complete, enzyme is unchanged and is free to catalyze RXN with new substrate
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___ are huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (CHONP)
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Nucleic acids
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___ forms the genetic code in each cell and regulates most activities in cells.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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___ relays instructions from cell's genes to guide each cell's assembly of amino acids into proteins by ribosomes.
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Ribonucleic acids (RNA)
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What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in a DNA nucleotide? How do they pair? Which is purine/pyrimidines?
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Adenine, Guanine (purine). Thymine, Cytosine (pyrimidine). Pairs: AT, GC
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AGTC = All good things come, ATGC
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Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
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RNA is single strand and DNA is double strand. RNA consists of ribose sugar and DNA consists of deoxyribose sugar. RNA's nitrogenous base is uracil and replaces DNA's thymine.
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What are the 3 types of RNA?
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Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA
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Energy currency of living cells
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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What is the reaction catalyzed by ATPase? Is it exergonic/endergonic?
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ATP + H2O --> ADP + Phosphate Group + Energy. Exergonic.
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What is the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase? Is it exergonic/endergonic?
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ADP + Phosphate Group + Energy --> ATP + H2O. Endergonic.
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