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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is Anatomy?
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Study of structures and relationships among structures.
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Name 5 subdivisions of anatomy.
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Surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, cytology, pathological anatomy.
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What is Physiology?
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Study of body functions.
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Name 5 divisions of physiology.
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Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, pathophysiology
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What is the standardized method of observing the body and why is it used?
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Anatomical position. Allows precise/consistent anatomical references.
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Where are hands facing in anatomical position?
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Hands are facing forward (ventral).
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Body laying face down is in ___ position.
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Prone
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prOne
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Body laying face up is in ___ position.
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Supine
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Up
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Plane dividing body into left/right.
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Sagittal
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Plane dividing body into equal left/right halves.
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Midsagittal
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Plane dividing body into unequal left/right halves.
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Parasagittal
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para = parallel to midline
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Plane dividing body into anterior/posterior halves.
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Frontal (coronal)
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Plane dividing into inferior/superior halves.
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Transverse (horizontal, cross-sectional)
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T shape
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Combination of 2 planes.
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Oblique
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Directional term - toward midline vs. away from midline
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Medial vs. Lateral
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Directional term - front vs. back
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Anterior vs. Posterior (ventral vs. dorsal)
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Directional term - top vs. bottom
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Superior vs. Inferior
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Directional term - toward trunk vs. away from trunk
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Proximal vs. Distal
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Directional term - toward head vs. toward tail
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Cephalad vs. Caudal
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Directional term - toward surface vs. away from surface
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Superficial vs. Deep (profundus)
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Directional term - outside vs. inside
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External vs. Internal
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Directional term - same side vs. opposite side
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Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral
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Directional term - 2 sides vs. 1 side
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Bilaterial vs. Unilateral
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Directional term - front hand vs. back hand
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Palm vs. Dorsum
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Directional term - bottom foot vs. top foot
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Plantar (sole) vs. Dorsum
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Name the 11 organ systems and 3 organs from each system.
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Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves), Lymphatic (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes), Endocrine (pituitary gland, thyroid, ovary), Integumentary (skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands), Muscle (skeletal muscle), Skeletal (bones, joints, cartilage), Respiratory (lungs, pharynx, trachea), Cardiovascular (blood, heart, blood vessels), Digestive (stomach, small intestine, large intestine), Urinary (kidneys, urethra, bladder), Reproductive (testes, ovaries)
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What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
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Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
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What is the smallest unit of matter? What is this unit called when two or more are joined together?
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Atom. Two or more form a molecule.
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What is the smallest living unit?
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Cell
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Define tissue and name the 4 types.
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Tissue is a group of cells usually from the same origin who perform a similar function. The 4 types are epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous.
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Define organ.
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Two or more types of tissues working together to perform a specific function and with a recognizable shape.
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Define system.
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A system consists of related organs with a common function.
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Name and define 3 noninvasive diagnostic techniques used to observe any body changes.
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Palpation (touching), auscultation (listening), percussion (tapping and listening)
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Name the 6 important life processes.
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Metabolism, movement, responsiveness, reproduction, growth, differentiation
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MMRRGD
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Name the 4 main molecules that comprise the human body.
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Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid
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The sum of all chemical processes in the body.
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Metabolism
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The body's ability to detect and respond to changes.
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Responsiveness
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What are the two subcategories of metabolism and define them.
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Anabolism (build up), catabolism (break down).
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Motion of the body.
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Movement
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Increase in body size.
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Growth
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Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.
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Differentiation
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Formation of new cells (growth, repair, replacement) or production of a new organism.
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Reproduction
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The postmortem examination of the body and internal organs used to determine cause of death, identify diseases not detected in life, determine extent of injuries and hereditary conditions.
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Autopsy
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Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment.
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Homeostasis
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In what pH range does the body function best and for what reason?
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Ideally 7.4 but ranging 7.35-7.45 for protein to function best.
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What are the 2 general types of body fluid?
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Intracellular and extracellular fluid.
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What is the extracellular fluid found between cells and tissues?
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Interstitial fluid.
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Name 3 types of extracellular fluid.
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Blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor and vitreous body.
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Why is the intracellular fluid called the body's internal environment?
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Cellular function depends on the regulation of composition of interstitial fluid surrounding them.
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Name 3 factors that can disrupt homeostasis.
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External and internal stimuli and psychological stress
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A cycle of events in which the body is monitored, evaluated, and changed.
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Feedback system (or feedback loop)
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Name the 3 basic components of a feedback system.
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Receptor, control center, effector
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Body structure that monitors changes and sends input to the control center.
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Receptor
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Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command.
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Brain and spinal cord (control center)
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Receives output from control center and produces response.
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Effector
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What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?
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In negative feedback systems the response reverses the original stimulus while in positive feedback systems the response enhances the original stimulus.
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Give an example of a negative feedback loop.
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Blood pressure increases, baroreceptors detect stretch in blood vessels and report to brain, blood vessels dilate to cause blood pressure to decrease.
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Give an example of a positive feedback loop.
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Contractions force baby to lower into cervix, receptors in cervix detect stretch and report to brain, muscles in uterus wall contract more forcefully and cervix stretches more until baby's birth which stops positive feedback cycle.
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Any abnormality of structure or function.
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Disorder
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Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
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Disease
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Subjective changes in body functions not apparent to observer (headache, nausea, anxiety)
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Symptoms
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Objective changes that can be observed and measured.
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Signs
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Study of why, when, where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.
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Epidemiology (epi = upon, demi = people)
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Study of the effects and uses of drugs in disease treatment.
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Pharmacology (pharmac = drug)
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Name the 3 main body cavities.
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Cranial, thoracic, abdominopelvic
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What is the cavity formed by the vertebral column?
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Vertebral canal
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What 3 cavities can the thoracic cavity be further divided into?
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Pleural (surrounds lung), Pericardial (surrounds heart), and mediastinum.
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What are the boundaries of the mediastinum and what does this cavity contain?
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Mediastinum extends from sternum to vertebral column (anterior/posterior) and first rib to diaphragm (superior/inferior). Contains all structures of thoracic cavity except lungs which includes heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels.
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What 2 cavities can the abdominopelvic cavity be further divided into?
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Abdominal and pelvic.
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What organs does the pelvic cavity contain?
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Bladder, reproductive system and portions of large intestine.
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Name the 2 parts (layers) of the serous membrane that lines the thorax and abdomen.
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Parietal layer and visceral layer.
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Serous membrane of the pleural cavities.
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Pleura
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Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity.
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Pericardium.
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Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
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Peritoneum.
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Organs located between parietal peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall are said to be ___.
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Retroperitoneal.
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Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions.
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L/R hypochondriac (under cartilage), epigastric (epi = above), L/R lumbar, umbilical, L/R inguinal, hypogastric (hypo = below)
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Name the quadrant regions.
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RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ (Remember R/L in anatomy!)
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Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.
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Medical imaging.
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X-rays pass through body. Inexpensive, quick. Hollow structures appear black or gray (density). Useful for soft tissues (mammography) or bone density.
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Radiography
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Less invasive and more detailed than CT. Uses high-energy magnetic field to align protons in body fluid. Color image on video. Used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissues.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Computer assisted radiography where structures can be viewed in 3D. Usually target the torso and is beneficial for screening lung cancer, coronary artery disease, and kidney cancers.
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Computed Tomography (CT)
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High frequency waves, non-invasive, used for pregnancy.
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Ultrasound Scanning
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Radioactive substance given intravenously, gamma rays detected and image displayed in real time. Color intensity represents uptake. Used to study activity of brain, heart, lungs and liver. Malignant tumors in body tissue.
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Radionuclide Scanning
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Positron (positively charged particles) emitting substance injected into body. Gamma rays produced. More advanced than radionucleotide. Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism).
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Using a lighted instrument with lens and inserting into body. Image projected onto monitor.
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Endoscopy
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Cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
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Dissection
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Skull
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Cranial
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Eye
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Orbital / ocular
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Cheek
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Buccal
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Armpit
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Axillary
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Arm
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Brachial
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Groin
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Inguinal
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Buttock
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Gluteal
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Neck
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Cervical
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Mouth
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Oral
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Hip
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Coxal
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System that regulates body activities through hormones transported in blood to various target organs.
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Endocrine system
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System that produces gametes; releases hormones from gonads.
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Reproductive system
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System that protects against disease; returns fluids to blood.
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Lymphatic system
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System that protects body by forming a barrier to outside environment; helps regulate body temperature.
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Integumentary system
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System that transports oxygen and nutrients to cells; protects against disease; carries wastes away from cells
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Cardiovascular system
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System that regulates body activities through action potentials (nerve impulses); receives sensory information; interprets and responds to information
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Nervous system
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System that carries out physical and chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients.
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Digestive system
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System that transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood.
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Respiratory system
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System that supports and protects body; provides internal framework; provides place for muscle attachment.
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Skeletal system
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System that powers movements of body and stabilizes body positions.
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Muscular system
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System that eliminates wastes; regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood.
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Urinary system
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