A&p 1

Front 1

Cardiac Muscle Vs. Skeletal

Back 1

Cardiac-1 or 2 nuclii, interconnected, intercalated disks include desmosomes and gap junctions
Skeletal-multinucleated, don't interact/independent

Front 2

Cardiac Electrical Conduction System

Back 2

Function: regulates proper rhythmic contraction of the heart
1)sinoatrial node (SA node)- pacemaker, initiates electrical wave
2)Internodal Tracts- never fibers that conduct electrical impulse
3)Atrioventricular Node (AV)- receives & passes impulse, causes brief lag between contractions of atrium/ventr.
4)Bundle of His- carries impulse across rest of heart, purkinji fibers spread from it

Front 3

3 blood vessel types

Back 3

1)arteries-away from heart
2)veins-to the heart
3)capillaries-site of exchange between tissues and circulatory system (nutrients, waste, hormones, 02)

Front 4

3 layers of blood vessels

Back 4

1)tunica interna/intima-innermost, lines vessel wall to create slick surface with simple squamous, contains subendothelial, endothelium, interna elastic lamina
2)tunica media-middle, composed of circular bands of smooth muscle, causes constriction
3)tunica externa-outtermost, composed of collagen to reinforce walls, anchor to surrounding tissue. larger vessels have elastin fibers

Front 5

Lumen

Back 5

blood-containing space of blood vessel

Front 6

3 types of arteries

Back 6

1)elastic arteries (conducting)
2)muscular arteries (distributing)
3)arterioles

Front 7

elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

Back 7

diameter: 2.5 cm- 1 cm
thick walled, near heart, contain a lot of elastin fibers, allows for change in fluid pressure

Front 8

Muscular Arteries (distributing arteries)

Back 8

diameter: 1 cm- 0.3 mm
transports blood to organs of body, contains strong tunica media, less elastin fibers, responsible for vasoconstriction

Front 9

Arterioles

Back 9

diameter: 0.3 mm- 10 um
a thin medial tunic, very few elastin fibers
the smallest are simply a layer of smooth muscle wrapped around the tunica interna

Front 10

Capillaries

Back 10

site of exchange with interstitial fluid, blood flows into capillary beds through arterioles

Front 11

Microfiltration
Movement in & out of capillary beds/tissues

Back 11

Diffusion-concentration gradients
Filtration-through openings (limited by size)
Osmotic Pressure-water levels (Albumin regulates water)
Fluid Pressure-responsible for filtration rates into tissues from capillaries

Front 12

Types of Capillaries

Back 12

1)continuous-most abundant in skin and muscle, incomplete tight junctions create a flap that allows fluid & small molecules to pass out intercellular clefts
2)Fenestrated- endothelial cells have small openings that allow for permiablility, found in absorption/filtration such as kidneys and small intestine
3)Sinusoidal-modified, leaky, fewer tight junctions, fenestrated, and intercellular clefts, lets larger molecules & WBC to pass, important in immune function & detox, found in liver, bone marrow, lymph tissue

Front 13

Microcirculation (through capillaries)

Back 13

metarteriole-thouroughfare channel (vascular shunt):vessel that connects arterioles with venules, allows for blood to bypass

Front 14

Types of Veins

Back 14

1)venules
2)veins

Front 15

Venules

Back 15

diameter: 8-100 um
smallest are post capillary venules, composed of single tunic, very porus, as size increases, tunics are added

Front 16

Veins

Back 16

Elastic and collagen networks in tunics, greater amount of blood in verins (65% of total), pressure is lower, valves prevent backflow, muscle pumps prevent pooling

Front 17

Veins Vs. Arteries

Back 17

vein tunica externa and media is less developed, vein lumena is larger, more blood in veins, pressure is lower in veins

Front 18

Blood Flow

Back 18

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or system at any point at any time, varies at places depending on need/activity, measured in mL/min

Front 19

Blood Pressure

Back 19

force per unit area exerted on the vessel walls, measured in Hgmm

Front 20

Resistance (peripheral resistance)

Back 20

opposition to blood flow, measured in amount of friction encountered as blood flows through a vessel, capillaries have greatest

Front 21

Qualities that increase Resistance

Back 21

blood viscosity (thickness due to water content, health of vessels-plaque, weight), total blood volume, blood vessel diameter

Front 22

Barrow Receptors

Back 22

in arteries, send message to brain when stretched, affects heart rate and stroke volume

Front 23

Blood Pressure Regulation

Back 23

Neural & Chemical= short term
Kidneys= long term, regulates sodium and water levels of blood by changing volume

Front 24

Lymphatic System

Back 24

Function: collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it, works with the immune system by housing macrophages and lymphocytes in lymph nodes, associated with digestion by transporting fat products
Is: a series of vessels, like an interstate, but dead end, not a complete cicuit

Front 25

High Concentration of Lymph in:

Back 25

throat, axilary, digestive/abdominal, ingunal

Front 26

Lymph System Made of:

Back 26

Lymphatic vessels, diffuse lymphatic tissues, structures (lymph nodes and organs)

Front 27

Lympatic vessels (how they work)

Back 27

more permiable, walls formed by single epitheial layer, loose connections overlap eachother to create flap, fibers connect to surrounding tissue, during swelling, flaps are pulled open to allow draining of fluid

Front 28

lymph tissue composed of

Back 28

retucular connective tissue (reticular fibers), makes stroma

Front 29

Cells found in lymph system

Back 29

Lymphocytes (T-cells:attack and B-cells: daughter cells make antibodies), macrophages (alert t-cells & engulf), dendritic cells (stay in certain tissues, bring to lymph nodes)

Front 30

Lymph organs

Back 30

lymph nodes: filters of lymph system to circulatory system
Spleen: aids in blood filtration, breaks down hemoglobin, stores iron & blood platelets
Thymus: where T & B cells mature and are tested to respond to MHC markers & antigens
Tonsils: crypts, pockets in surface holds bacteria so macrophages can attack, assists in forming memory cells

Front 31

Muscle System Funcitons

Back 31

1) Thermogenesis: produces heat by movement/contraction
2) Movement: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
3) Maintain Posture & Position
4) Guards enterances & Exits
5) Supports soft tissue & stabalizes joints

Front 32

Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 32

Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac, smooth (involuntary)

Front 33

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

Back 33

1) Excitability (irritability): can respond to other systems
2) Conductivity
3) Contractility: shortening
4) Extensibility: lengthening
5) Elasticity: goes back

Front 34

Connective Tissue Coverings

Back 34

Epimysium- outer
Perimysium- middle, surrounds bundles (fascicles)
Endomysium- covers each muscle fiber

Front 35

Myofibril

Back 35

bundle of myofilaments, 100-1000 in each muscle cell

Front 36

Myofilament

Back 36

either
Actin- thin
Myosin- thick

Front 37

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 37

highly modified ER, surrounds myofibrils, involved in muscle contraction, stores calcium ions

Front 38

Sarcolemma

Back 38

cell membrane, can conduct impulses, attached to T-Tubules= come into cell to carry impulse

Front 39

Cisterna

Back 39

on sides of t-tubules, stores calcium ions

Front 40

ways to move ions

Back 40

sodium potassium pump, potassium leakage channels, gated channels

Front 41

Troponin

Back 41

coovers myosin head's binding site

Front 42

Tropomyosin

Back 42

what myosin head binds to