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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
osteoblasts
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immature bone cells
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells
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osteoclasts
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bone cells that break
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chondroblasts
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immature cartilage cells
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chondrocytes
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mature bone cells
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periosteum
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outside layer of bone
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endosteum
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inside layer of bone
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perichondium
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outside layer of cartilage
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endochondrium
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inside layer of cartilage
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bone growth type
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appositional
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cartilage growth type
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appositional and interstial
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bone vascularity
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bone tissue gets blood by vessels
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cartilage vascularity
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cartilage tissue gets blood through diffusion
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diaphysis
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located in the shaft
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epiphysis
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ends
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metaphysis
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between diaphysis & epiphysis in bone
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epiphyseal plate/line
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area of growth in shaft-made of cartilage
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anatomy
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the study of internal & external structures
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physiology
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the study of their functions
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gross anatomy
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microscopic
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organs
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different groups of tissues form
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organ systems
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organs grouped together
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tissues
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cells of similar form and function
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4 types of tissue
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1.Epithelial
2.Connective 3.Muscle 4.Nervous |
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plasma membrane
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-forms the outer surface of cell
-separates inside of cell from the outside of cell -semipermable membrane-water passes freely through |
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cytoplasm
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inside of cell
made up of cytosol & organelles |
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cytosol
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mostly water & some solutes (dissolved)
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organelles
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structures within all specific functions
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nucleus
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site of genetic material
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physical isolation
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stops fibers from entering cell
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main functions of plasma membrane
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1.physical isolation
2.regulation of exchange w/enviroment 3.sensitivity 4.structural support |
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physical isolation
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stops fibers from entering cell
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regulaton of exchange within enviroment
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extracellular area
requires energy in the form of ATP |
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sensitivity
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allows cells to work together
receptor cells that help you with cell to cell communication |
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structural support
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supports in the intracellular area
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cell transport
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how ions and nutrients move in and out of cells
Active and passive |
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active transport
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energy is required to transport solutes
Energy=ATP |
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passive transport
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doesnt require energy-requires concentration gradient
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diffusion
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tendency of atoms, molecules, ions and solutes to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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osmosis
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type of diffusion with water molecules
moves from areas of high to low |
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isotonic
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no concentration gradient on outside of cell
solution has same water concentration as inside of cell cells wanna be isotonic |
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hypertonic
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-solution has less water compared to inside of cell
-water will move out of cell -cell will shrink |
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hypotonic
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-solution has more water compared to inside of cell
-water will move inside of cell -cell will swell |
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hemolysis
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red blood cells are put in hypotonic solutions causing them to burst
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crenation
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red blood cells put into hypertonic solutons causing them to shrink
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parts of integument
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skin
accessory structures (skin, nails, etc) |
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function of the skin
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-protective covering
-retards water loss -houses sensory receptors -synthesizes chemicals (vit D) -contains immune system cells(langerhorn cells) -excretes small quantities of waste |
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layers of skin
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epidermis
dermis hypodermis |
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layers of dermis
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-papillary layer
-reticular layer |
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papillary layer of the dermis
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-layer closest to the epidermis-feeds epidermal cells
-loose connective tissue -capillaries that feed stratum germinativum |
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stratum germinativium
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-layer closest to dermis
-nourished by dermal blood vessels -cell division occurs here |
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stratum spinosum
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-layer closer to S. germinativium
-displaced cells manufacture keratin filaments |
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stratum granulosum
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layer closest to the s. spinosum
-keratinocytes flatten (dying), keratin filaments interlock |
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stratum lucidum
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-layer closest to s. granulosum
-only found in thick skin -densely packed, flattened cells -filaments thicken=keratin fibers interlocking |
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stratum corneum
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-layer closest to s. lucidum
-flattened, dead cells and interlocking keratin fibers shed |
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keratinocytes
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make keratin, make epithelial tissue waterproof
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melanocytes
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make melanin
respond to uv radiation sythesize vitamin D |
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merkel cells
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sensory cells
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langerhan cells
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epithelial, immune cells
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dermis
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-connective tissue
-1-2 mm thick -vascular-blood nerves -muscles -sensory receptors |
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parts of integument
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skin
accessory structures (skin, nails, etc) |
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function of the skin
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-protective covering
-retards water loss -houses sensory receptors -synthesizes chemicals (vit D) -contains immune system cells(langerhorn cells) -excretes small quantities of waste |
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layers of skin
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epidermis
dermis hypodermis |
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layers of dermis
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-papillary layer
-reticular layer |
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papillary layer of the dermis
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-layer closest to the epidermis-feeds epidermal cells
-loose connective tissue -capillaries that feed stratum germinativum |
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stratum germinativium
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-layer closest to dermis
-nourished by dermal blood vessels -cell division occurs here |
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stratum spinosum
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-layer closer to S. germinativium
-displaced cells manufacture keratin filaments |
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stratum granulosum
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layer closest to the s. spinosum
-keratinocytes flatten (dying), keratin filaments interlock |
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stratum lucidum
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-layer closest to s. granulosum
-only found in thick skin -densely packed, flattened cells -filaments thicken=keratin fibers interlocking |
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stratum corneum
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-layer closest to s. lucidum
-flattened, dead cells and interlocking keratin fibers shed |
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keratinocytes
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make keratin, make epithelial tissue waterproof
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melanocytes
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make melanin
respond to uv radiation sythesize vitamin D |
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merkel cells
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sensory cells
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langerhan cells
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epithelial, immune cells
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dermis
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-connective tissue
-1-2 mm thick -vascular-blood nerves -muscles -sensory receptors |
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reticular layer
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below papillary layer
dense connective tissue-leather |
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hypodermis
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-not part of integument
-blood, vessels, nerves, fibers -loose connective tissue -adipocyte cells are abundant-help to insulate |
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skin glands
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-subaceous
-sweat |
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sebaceous glands
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-associated with hair folicles
-secretes sebum -keeps hair soft, pliable and waterproof |
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sweat glands
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-eccrine sweat glands
-apocrine sweat glands |
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eccrine sweat glands
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-most numerous
-found all over body -concentrated on forehead, neck, and back -maintain body temp |
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apocrine sweat glands
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-active at puberty
-axillary region, groin, nipples -communication w/ other windows |
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modified sweat glad
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-cerumious glands of ear-earwax
-mammary glands-breast milk |
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connective tissue components
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-cells
-protein fibers -ground substance |
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three categories of connective tissue
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-connective tissue proper
-fluid connective tissue -support connective tissue |
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connective tissue proper
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-loose and dense
-packing of material of body -ground substance is most volume -fibers are loosely organized -3 types areolar, adipose, and reticular |
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areolar tissue
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-located in the dermis
-allows movement and gives support -contains cells that provide defense |
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adipose tissue
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located beneath the skin (sides, butt,and boobs)
-insolaton -stores energy |
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adipose vs. areolar
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adipocytes account for most of the volume of adipse tissue
areolar tissue becomes adipose from over heating -tissue doesnt become areolar when dieting-only get deflated-easier to gain weight if fat once |
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reticular tissue
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-located in liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
-provides supporting framework with no independent movement |
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dense connective tissue
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2 types
dense regular dense irregular |
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dense regular tissue
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-tendons, ligament, covering skeletal muscles
-firm attachment, conducts pull of muscle, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes position of bones |
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dense irregular tissue
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-dermis of skin, sheath around bone, sheath around cartilage, sheath around nerves
-strength when forces applied from many directions |
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fluid connected tissue
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-blood and lymph
-details covered in circulatory system -cells red and white; fibers-clotting; ground substance-plasma -fibers are not normal unless injury |
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supporting connective tissue
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-cartilage and bone
-provides strong framework -contains mainly fibers |
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3 types of cartilage
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hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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hyaline cartilage
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-flexible but weakest
-connection between ribs and sternum -conduct passages of respiratory system -covering of bone surfaces in elbow and knees -nasal septum -Function Stif but flexible support reduce friction between bony surface |
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elastic cartilage
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-numerous elastic fibers
-resilient and flexible -location external earflap epiglottis auditory tube cartilages of larynx tip of nose? -function provides support allows for distortion without damage returns to normal shape |
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fibrocartilage
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-very durable
-location pads w/i knee joints between pubic and pelvic bones intervertebral discs -function resists compression prevents bone to bone contact limist relative movement |
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bone cells
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osteocytes
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bone fibers
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collegen
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ground substance
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insoluable crystals
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bone functions
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-protect and support soft tissues
-provide pt of attachment for muscles -contains blood producing cells -stores inorganic salts |
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compact bone
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mainly in diaphysis
tightly packed fibers subjected to heavy weight |
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spongy bone
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mainly in endosteum of bone
contains branching fibers transfer heavy weight and space reduce weight of bone |
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medullary cavity
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hollow chamber in compact bone
contains marrow(makes RBC) |
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anatomical position
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legs together
feet flat on the floor hands at side palms facing forward |
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movements performed
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by skeletal muscles pullin on bones
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2 types of movement
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angular
rotation |
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angular movement
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abduction-away from midline
adduction-toward midline flexion-decrease angle extention-increase in angle |
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rotation
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moving a part around axis
includes rotation of head(right,left) and rotation of wrist (pronation/supination) |
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ossification intramembraneous
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making of bone from dermal tissue
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ossification endochondral
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making of bone from cartilage
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6 weeks to 30 weeks
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1. chondrocytes in endochondrium divide
2.chondroblasts are formed 3.chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix 4.matrix calcifies 5.endosteum enlargens |