Aortic Valve

Front 1

What is fibrous whiskers, there are attached to the aortic valve and develop at advance age. It is seen in the aortic valve inner part.

Back 1

Lamb's excrescenses

Front 2

Where can we see vegetations in the aortic valve?

Back 2

At the outer part.

Front 3

Which is valve is the smallest with the highest velocity in the body?

Back 3

The aortic valve.

Front 4

What is Pulse wave and Continuous wave?

Back 4

Pulse wave = detects location (Pulmonic, Mitral valves) =/= Continuous wave = detects high velocity, aortic & any valve with stenosis ○/

Front 5

How do you obtain the aortic valve area (AVA)?

Back 5

#1) go to Parasternal Long Axis and measure L V O T , average is 2.0 cm.
#2) go to apical 5 measure L V O T in PW trace the longest wave form.
#3) go to apical 5 measure aortic valve cusps in CW then trace the longest wave form.
The machine will automatically give you the A V A.

Front 6

What is Calcification in the aortic valve that can be Rheumatic (associated with M S ) and or could be congenital such as B A V .

Back 6

Aortic stenosis

Front 7

What is the pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis?

Back 7

1) systolic pressure overload which lead to Left Ventricular Hypertrohy.

2) increase risk of endocarditis.

Front 8

What are the physical signs of Aortic Stenosis?

Back 8

#1) angina pectoris.

#2) sudden death.

#3) syncope (lack of breathing).

#4) A I (aortic insufficiency).

#5) decrease carotid bruit. (vascular murmur)

Front 9

What are the echo findings in Aortic Stenosis?

Back 9

1) ticking aortic valve cusps.
2) decrease valve opening.
3) Left Ventricular Hypertrophy.
4) pulse stenotic dilation of the aorta.

Front 10

What is the appearance of as a doming of the aortic valve ?

Back 10

Aortic Stenosis

Front 11

What are the measurements of an abnormal AVA?

Back 11

Mild. = 3.5-2.5 cm

Moderate. = 2.5-1.5 cm

Marked. = 1.5-0.7 cm

Severe. = . < 0.7cm

PG. = Mild - 25. Moderate - 25-50. Severe > 50.
MG = Mild - 20. Moderate - 25-50. Severe > 50.

PG= peak gardient highest point of velocity
MG = mean gardient lowest point of velocity.

Front 12

What are the causes of A I ( aortic insufficiency )?

Back 12

#1) stenosis. #2) endocarditis. #3) dilated aortic root. #4) dilated annulus.

Front 13

What is the pathophysiology of the AI ( aortic insufficiency )?

Back 13

#1) increase risk of endocarditis.

#2) decrease EF.

#3) Left Ventricle dilatation.

Front 14

Where is the A I ( aortic insufficiency ) takes place?

Back 14

in diastole, is also known as Austin - Flint murmur.

Front 15

What are the physical symptoms of the AI ( aortic insufficiency )?

Back 15

1) CHF Congestive Heart Failure. 2) angina.

3) block coronary artery or arteries.

Front 16

What are the echo findings in an A I?

Back 16

1) in M mode we will see diastole mitral valve floater.

2) we will encounter turbulent flow (mosaic color).

Front 17

How is the AI assess?

Back 17

1) Color.2) in Apical 5 CW ( velocity).