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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What primary cusp diseases cause AI?
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1. stenosis
2. endocarditis 3. ankylosing spondylitis |
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What are common causes of dilated aortic annulus and root which lead to AI?
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1. Marfans
2. aortitis 3. HTN 4. aneurysm |
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AI can be caused by loss of commissural support as a result of.......
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1. trauma
2. aortic dissection 3. membranous VSD |
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Which anomaly goes with aortic dissection?
a) Turner syndrome b) Down syndrome c) Marfan syndrome d) pulmonary HTN |
c) Marfan syndrom
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If you have a uniformly dilated aortic root, which term best describes this?
a) fusiform b) saccular c) pouch d) pseudoaneurysm |
a) fusiform
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Secondary findings in AI include.........
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1. LV volume overload leading to LV dilatation
2. decreased EF, especially with chronic 3. increased risk of endocarditis |
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What pulse-related physical signs occur?
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1. Bounding, bifid arterial pulse
2. wide pulse pressure |
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What murmur is associated with AI?
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High pitched diastolic, blowing at LSB
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What are chief symptoms?
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1. CHF
2. DOE 3. Angina 4. syncope |
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What kind of murmur would you hear in a patient with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm?
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continuous
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Which is the most common chamber for a sinus of valsalva aneurysm to rupture into?
a)LA b)RA c)CS d)transverse sinus |
b) RA
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What is best for diagnosing aortic dissection?
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TEE
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M-Mode may show what in regard to MV leaflets?
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1. diastolic fluttering (mostly anterior)
2. decreased excursion of the anterior leaflet |
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M-Mode may show what in regard to MV?
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Early closing (before QRS) with severe acute AI, due to elevated LVEDP.
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M-Mode may show what in regard to AV?
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1. Diastolic fluttering or lack of closure of leaflets
2. root abnormalities 3. pre-systolic opening |
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What may happen to LV contractility?
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May be hyper or hypodynamic (acute vs. chronic)
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What doppler findings may be present?
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1. diastolic turbulence in LVOT
2. diastolic flow reversal in DAO (retrograde flow) |
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With mild AI, the spectral trace may be _________?
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incomplete
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What is one way to estimate severity of AI?
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In LAX & SAX, use doppler to map regurgitant area
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What are the JH/LVOT ratios as a measure of AI severity?
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1. mild = <25%
2. mod = 25-65% 3. sev = >65% |
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What are PHT as measure of AI severity?
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mild = > 500 msec
mod = 500-200 msec sev = < 200 msec |
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How do you calculate LVEDP? If BP is 120/50 and end diastolic velocity is 2 m/sec
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diastolic BP - end diastolic gradient
50-16 (converting the 2 m/sec using 4V squared) = 34 mmHg |
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Where is end diastolic gradient measured?
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doppler traces
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When AI is severe, AO and LV pressures are______?
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equal at end diastole
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