Anxiety, Ocd, And Related Disorders

Front 1

Fear

Back 1

state of immediate alarm in response to a serious, known threat to one's well being

Front 2

Anxiety

Back 2

state of alarm in response to a vague sense of being in danger

Front 3

Does anxiety and fear have the same physiological features?

I.e: increase in respiration, perspiration, muscle tension, etc.

Back 3

Yes

Front 4

Fear and Anxiety prepare us for what when danger threatens?

Back 4

action, fight or flight

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Anxiety or related disorder

Back 5

when the discomfort( unpleasant experiences) is too severe or too frequent, lasts too long, or is triggered too easily

Front 6

Is anxiety disorder the most common mental disorder in the US?

Back 6

yes

Front 7

Most individuals with one anxiety disorder suffer from___________________and may also suffer from _________.

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a second disorder, depression

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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characterized by excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything

"free-floating" anxiety

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Symptoms of GAD are :________________________________________________ and must last at least __________.

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feeling restless, keyed up or on edge, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and/or sleep problems

3 months

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GAD usually first appears in :_______

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childhood or adolescence

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According to this theory, GAD is most likely to develop in people faced with social conditions that truly are dangerous.

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sociocultural

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One of the most powerful forms of societal stress is:

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poverty

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Freud believed that all children have _________.

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anxiety

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Realistic anxiety is when children face _________.

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actual danger

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Neurotic anxiety is when children are prevented form expressing _______________.

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id impulses

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Moral anxiety is when children are

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punished for expressing id impulses

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In the psychodynamic perspective, Freud explained GAD may have been developed by children who experience ________________, or their _____________are inadequate.

Back 17

high levels of anxiety, defense mechanisms

Front 18

Today's, psycho dynamic theorists often ______ with specific aspects of Freud's explanation.

Back 18

disagree

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-Free Association

-Therapist interpretations of transference, resistance, and dreams

-Object relation

Are all what kind of treatment?

Back 19

Psycho dynamic perspective

Front 20

Object-relations therapists attempt to help patients:

Back 20

identify and settle early relationship problems

Front 21

In the psychodynamic perspective, Freudians focus less on fear and more on what?

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control of the id

Front 22

In which perspective do theorists propose that GAD, like other psychological disorders, arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly.

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Humanistic

Front 23

Carl Roger's explanation best illustrates the Humanistic perspective of GAD. What is this explanation?

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lack of "unconditional positive regard" in childhood leads to "conditions of worth" (harsh self standards) which break through and cause anxiety setting the stage for GAD to develope

Front 24

Humanistic practitioners use _______________ approach to try to show unconditional positive regard for their clients and to empathize with them.

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client-centered

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Followers of this model suggest that psychological problems are often caused by dysfunctional ways of thinking.

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cognitive perspective

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In the cognitive perspective of GAD, who identified basic irrational assumptions, and what were they?

Back 26

Albert Ellis

-it is a dire necessity for an adult human being to be loved or approved of by virtually every significant person in his community

-it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way one would very much like them to be

Front 27

When basic irrational assumptions are applied to everyday life to more and more events, ____________ may develop.

Back 27

GAD

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Who argued that those with GAD constantly hold silent assumptions that imply imminent danger?

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Aaron Beck (cognitive)

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What examples of the silent assumptions?

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situation/person is unsafe until proven safe

it is always best to assume the worst

Front 30

What is the theory that was developed by Wells that suggests that the most problematic assumptions in GAD are the ind. worry about worrying?

Back 30

Metacognitive theory

Front 31

Where certain individuals consider it unacceptable that negative events MAY occur, even if the possibility is very small; they worry in an effort to find "correct" solutions

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Intolerance of uncertainty theory

Front 32

Which theory was developed by Borkovec and holds that worrying serves a "positive' function for those with GAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal?

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Avoidance theory

Front 33

What are the two types of cognitive approaches/treatment for GAD?

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changing in maladaptive assumptions (Ellis and Beck)

Helping clients understand the special role that worrying plays, and changing their views and reactions to it

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Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)-Changing maladaptive thinking

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Ellis; point out irrational assumptions, suggest more appropriate assumptions, assign related homework

modest relief from treatment

Front 35

Cognitive therapy for GAD:Breaking down worrying

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-educate clients about role of worrying, have them observe their bodily arousal and cog. responses to life situations\

-clients become skilled at identifying their worrying and misguided attempts to control life by worrying

-with practice, they see the world as less threatening, adopt constructive ways of coping, worry less

Front 36

Biological theorists believe GAD is caused chiefly by __________________.

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biological factors-GABA inactivity

Front 37

Valium and Xanax are _____________. They are found to reduce anxiety.

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Benzodiazepines

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Basic Irrational Assumptions

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the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis

Front 39

Certain neurons have _________ that receive the benzodiazepines. These _________ ordinarily receive _____________________________________.

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receptors, receptors, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 40

GABA carries _______ messages. It causes the neuron to______ _______.

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Inhibitory, stop firing

Front 41

GABA

Back 41

the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder

Front 42

family pedigree study

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a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.

Front 43

The circuit that produces anxiety reactions includes the:

Back 43

prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala

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amygdala

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small almond shaped brain structure that usually starts the emotional ball rolling

Front 45

The leading biological treatment of GAD is _____________.

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drug therapy

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sedative-hypnotic drugs

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drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses

Front 47

relaxational training

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a treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations

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biofeedback

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a technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily

Front 49

electromyograph (EMG)

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a device that provided feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body

Front 50

Relaxation training is of greatest help to people the GAD when it is combined with _________ or _________.

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cognitive therapy, biofeedback

Front 51

What are the cons of benzodiazepines?

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when meds are stopped, person's anxieties return as strong as ever, people can become physically dependent on them, side effects of drowsniness, lack of coordination, memory loss, depression and aggressive behavior, and they mix badly with other medications/substances

Front 52

Phobia

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persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation

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Specific phobia

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severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation( other than agoraphobia and social phobia)

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Behaviorists believe that people with phobias first learn to fear certain objects, situations, or events, though _____________________.

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conditioning

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classical conditioning

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a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response

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modeling

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a process of learning in which a person observes then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.

Front 57

Stimulus generalization

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a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli

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preparedness

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predisposition to develop certain fears

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exposure treatment

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behavioral treatment in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread

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systematic desensitization

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a behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread

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flooding

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a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

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in vivo desensitization

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actual confrontation

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covert desensitization

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confrontation is imagined

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In modeling, it is the ______________ who confronts the feared object or situation while the ______________ observes

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therapist, fearful person

Front 65

agoraphobia

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public places or situations from which escape might be difficult( or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur

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panic attack

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periodic, short bouts of panic that occur, suddenly, reach a peak within minutes and gradually pass

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Support groups- agoraphobia

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a small number of people with this condition go out together for exposure sessions that last for several hours

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Home Based self help programs

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clinicians give clients and their families detailed instructions for carrying out exposure treatments themselves for agoraphobia

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social anxiety disorder

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a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

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What causes social anxiety disorder?

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cognitive theorists and researchers contend that people with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them.

they anticipate social disasters to occur and perform avoidance and safety behaviors to help prevent or reduce disaster

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two features of social anxiety disorder

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suffers have overwhelming social fears

they often lack skill at starting convos, communicating their needs, and meeting the needs of others

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treatments of social anxiety disorder

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antidepressant medication

psychotherapy

exposure therapy

cognitive therapies with behavioral techniques

social skill training

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social skills training

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a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

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norepinephrine

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a neurotransmitter who abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression

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locus ceruleus

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a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinepherine

Front 77

amygdala

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a small, almond shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information

Front 78

Drug therapy for panic disorder

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antidepressants and benzodiazepines(indirectly affects activity of norepinephrine)

Front 79

Full panic reactions are experienced only by people who further misinterpret the physiological events that are occurring within their bodies. This thought is under what perspective for panic disorders?

Back 79

cognitive

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Cognitive treatments of panic disorders are aimed at correcting

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misinterpretations

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Biological challenge test

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a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist

Front 82

anxiety sensitivity

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a tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful

Front 83

For panic disorders, cognitive therapists try to correct________________ and teach them better to cope better with _____.

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people's misinterpretations of their body sensations; anxiety

Front 84

Obsession

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persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

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compulsion

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a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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a disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both

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cleaning compulsions

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feel compelled to keep cleaning themselves, their clothing, or their homes

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checking compulsions

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check the same items over and over to make sure that all is as it should be

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order and balance compulsion

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place certain items in perfect order in accordance with strict rules

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The ____________ theorists believe the battle between anxiety provoking id impulses and anxiety reducing defense mechanisms is not buried in the unconscious but is played out in overt thoughts and actions in OCD.

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psychodynamic

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isolation

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an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions

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undoing

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an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act.

Front 93

reaction formation

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an ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a life style that expresses the opposite desire.

Front 94

Sigmund Freud traced OCD to the _______ stage of development.

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anal

Front 95

Psychodynamic therapists try to help the individuals uncover and overcome their underlying conflicts and defenses, using the customary techniques of ______ _____ and therapist ________.

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free association, interpretation

Front 96

In OCD, behaviorists have concentrated on explaining and treating ___________ rather than _________.

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compulsions, obsessions

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exposure and response prevention

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a behavioral treatment for OCD that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thought or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive act. Also called exposure and ritual prevention

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neutralizing

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a person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts

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The _____________ perspective pf OCD explains the disorder as that everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts but those with the disorder blame themselves for such thoughts and expect somehow terrible things will happen

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cognitive

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Research suggests that a combination of _______ and ________ approaches if often more effective than either intervention alone.

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behavioral, cognitive

Front 101

Biological research that has pointed out low activity in the neurotransmitter _______________ and abnormal functioning in key regions of the ______ as biological factors of OCD.

Back 101

serotonin, brain

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serotonin

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a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders

Front 103

Clomipramine and fluoxetine reduce _________ symptoms and increase __________ activity.

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OCD, serotonin

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orbitofrontal cortex

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a region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise

Front 105

caudate nuclei

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structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions

Front 106

In OCD,The orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei can be too _________.

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active

Front 107

_____________________ ( with other neurotransmitters) plays a key role in the operation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei.

Back 107

serotonin

Front 108

In OCD, _________ ______________ activity could be contributing to the improper functioning of the circuit.

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abnormal neurotransmitter

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In OCD, relapse does occur when _______________ is stopped.

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medication

Front 110

Research suggests that combination therapy of _________________ and ____________ ________ therapy approaches may be most effective.

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medication, cognitive behavioral

Front 111

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

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a group of disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform specific patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives

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hoarding disorder

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a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and experience significant distress if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items and possessions

Front 113

hair-pulling disorders

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a disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body. also called trichotillomania

Front 114

excortiation disorder

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a disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds. Also called skin picking disorder

Front 115

body dysmorphic disorder

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a disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. The perceived defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggeratedq

Front 116

stress management programs

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an approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress