Anxiety D/o Test 3

Front 1

Panic d/o

Back 1

episodic attacks of acute anxiety characterized by symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, and other autonomic symptoms, accompanied by intense fear

Front 2

Women ____ more likely than men to suffer from panic disorder

Back 2

2.5x

Front 3

Agoraphobia

Back 3

fear of being in a place with alot of people

Front 4

Anticipatory anxiety

Back 4

associated with panic d/o

Front 5

genetic component of anxiety d/o

Back 5

Possible duplicate band on chromosome 15

Front 6

Panic attacks may be brought on by

Back 6

lactate

Front 7

Psychopharmacology of anxiety

Back 7

Benzodiazepine

drug=ago increase sensitivity of binding site

Front 8

Cause of anxiety d/o

Back 8

decreased number of benzo receptors
or secretion of neuromodulatory which blocks binding site

Front 9

bx component of fear is caused by

Back 9

reduced number of benzo receptors

Front 10

Two other NT implicated in anxiety d/o

Back 10

CCK (too much)
Serotonin (lack of)

Front 11

Panic attacks may be brought on by

Back 11

lactate

Front 12

Psychopharmacology of anxiety

Back 12

Benzodiazepine

drug=ago increase sensitivity of binding site

Front 13

Cause of anxiety d/o

Back 13

decreased number of benzo receptors
or secretion of neuromodulatory which blocks binding site

Front 14

bx component of fear is caused by

Back 14

reduced number of benzo receptors

Front 15

Two other NT implicated in anxiety d/o

Back 15

CCK (too much)
Serotonin (lack of)

Front 16

neuroanatamy of anxiety d/o

Back 16

decerased blood flow in right orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and anterior temporal cortex

Front 17

right orbitofrontal cortex responsible for

Back 17

social reasoning

Front 18

TX of anxiety

Back 18

CBT and psychopharmachology

Front 19

OCD genetic components

Back 19

Correlated with Tourette’s Syndrome

Chromosome 9

Front 20

inferior temporal cortex

Back 20

over analy. things. over logic
associated with hyper vigilance

Front 21

OCD greater with what twins?

Back 21

Monozygotic

Front 22

neuroanatomy of OCD

Back 22

brain damage at birth
encephalitis, head injuries

Basal ganglia: damage caused by infection
Increased activity in caudate nucleus
OCD can also be a result of an imbalance between direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia

Cingulate gyrus: increased activity

Prefrontal cortex: increased activity in frontal lobes and orbitofrontal cortex

Front 23

neurological disease associated with OCD

Back 23

tourettes
Huntington’s chorea and Sydenham’s chorea

Front 24

OCD treatment

Back 24

Behavior therapy and drug therapy shown to reduce activity of caudate nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex

Drug therapy = SSRIs
Block 5-HT reuptake (Serotonin AGO)
Clomipramine, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine (antidepressants)
Serotonin has an inhibitory effect on species-typical behaviors (washing, cleaning, etc.)
OCD associated brain regions receive input from serotonergic neurons

Surgery = Cingulotomy
Surgical destruction of cingulum bundle (connects prefrontal cortex with limbic system)
Helps reduce intense anxiety and symptoms of OCD

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of subthalamic nucleus relieved motor disability and OCD symptoms
also used in Parkinson’s, which also involves abnormalities of basal ganglia

Front 25

Tourette’s Syndrome

Back 25

neurological disorder characterized by tics and involuntary vocalizations, compulsive uttering of obscenities and repetition of others’ utterances

Front 26

Tourette’s Syndrome: Treatment

Back 26

Antischizophrenic medications that block dopamine D2 receptors
Haldol

Atypical antipsychotic medications
Risperidone

α2 AGO
Clonidine

Front 27

Autism

Back 27

Cognitive, affective, and behavioral abnormalities

Symptoms:
Failure to develop normal social relations with other people
Impaired development of communicative ability
Lack of imaginative ability
Repetitive, stereotyped movements
Self-injurious behaviors

Front 28

behaviors associated with autism

Back 28

Infants may not care if they are held or dislike being held
Do not look or smile at caregivers
Do not enter into social relationships as children; avoid eye contact
Language development is abnormal or nonexistent (echo)
Abnormal interests and behaviors
Often insist on following routines

Front 29

MR and Autism

Back 29

With MR, many develop epileptic seizures when they reach puberty—suggests abnormal brain development

Front 30

Diff. dx of Autism

Back 30

Autism is one of several pervasive developmental disorders that have similar symptoms

Asperger’s Disorder: mild form of autism; symptoms do not include a delay in language development or the presence of important cognitive deficits
Primary symptoms – deficient or absent social interactions; repetitive and stereotyped behaviors; obsessional interest in narrow subjects

Rett’s Disorder: a genetic, neurological syndrome seen in girls that accompanies an arrest of normal brain development that occurs during infancy

Childhood disintegrative disorder: normal intellectual and social development and then, sometime between the ages of 2 and 10, show a severe regression into autism

Front 31

Autism versus lang.

Back 31

Hallmark of Autism is difficulty communicating
Nonverbal communication: limited eye contact, no gestures, poor social skills, cannot take on another person’s perspective (theory of mind)
Expressive language: formal, odd, absent

50% of autistic kids do not develop speech
If they do, they develop stereotyped and indiosyncratic speech patterns
Common speech pattern = pronoun reversals

Odd behavior patterns
hand flapping, spinning, rocking, fascination with odd objects

Front 32

Autism and IQ

Back 32

some cognitive limitations, but 25% have normal intelligence
Rarely, exceptional intelligence (autistic savant)

Front 33

autism and sensory

Back 33

sensitive to touch
deep pressure is soothing, light touch is not

Front 34

Autism and gentetic

Back 34

2-3% of siblings of an autistic person are autistic

Boys 3x more likely than girls

Chromosomes 2, 7, 15, 19, and X

Obstetric complications

Comorbidity with PKU – lack of enzyme that converts phenolanalins into tyrosene. It interferes with myelination
Correlated with Tourette’s Syndrome

Some comorbidity with Fragile X Syndrome

Twin studies:
Monozygotic = 70% concordance
Dizygotic = 0% concordance

Front 35

Autism: Prenatal Factors

Back 35

Approximately 20% of all cases of autism have definable biological causes


Rubella during pregnancy

Prenatal thalidomide (during 1st trimester)

Encephalitis caused by the herpes virus

Tuberous sclerosis

Front 36

Prenatal thalidomide (during 1st trimester)

Back 36

Tranquilizer used to treat nausea during pregnancy
High correlation with development of autism
all autistic-born infants were exposed to thalidomide around the 20th day development (CNS development)

Front 37

Tuberous sclerosis

Back 37

a genetic disorder that causes the formation of benign tumors in many organs, including the brain

Front 38

Autism: Neuroanatomy

Back 38

Brain development

Slightly smaller at birth
Begins to grown abnormally quickly – by 2-3 years old, it is about 10% larger than a normal brain
Especially in the frontal cortex and temporal cortex
Brain growth slows down – by adolescence, it is only about 1-2% larger than normal

The fusiform face area shows little or no activity in autistic adults when looking at pictures of human faces

low activation of the superior temporal sulcus and the medial prefrontal cortex

Front 39

Autism: Treatment

Back 39

There is no drug treatment that can improve the social and intellectual functioning of autistic patients

Risperidone (atypical antipsychotic) – found to reduce repetitive, stereotyped behaviors

Front 40

Glucocorticoid (Cortisol)

Back 40

hormone of the adrenal cortex; secreted in times of stress
Profound effects on glucose metabolism

Helps us react to stressful situations and helps in survival

Front 41

removal of adrenal glands

Back 41

Rats whose adrenal glands were removed were more susceptible to the effects of stress

Front 42

longterm stress implications

Back 42

glucocorticoids destroys field CA1 neurons in the hippocampal formation


Stressors throughout life increase the likelihood of memory problems as we grow older

Front 43

PTSD

Back 43

General psychological symptoms:
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Irritability
Outbursts of anger
Difficulty in concentrating
Heightened reactions to sudden noises or movements

Front 44

gender and PTSD

Back 44

Men exposed to traumatic events more than women, but women are 4x more likely to develop PTSD after exposure

Front 45

PTSD and heredit.

Back 45

Twin studies suggest a susceptibility to PTSD
A smaller hippocampus may be a predisposing factor in the acquisition of PTSD

Front 46

Neuroanatomy and PTSD

Back 46

Decreased hippocampal volume
Increased activity in prefrontal cortex and amygdala when thinking about the traumatic event

Front 47

theory of mind

Back 47

inability to lack the perspective of another person