Anxiety Disorders

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Anxiety

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an unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger dread, and physiological arousal

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Trait Anxiety

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an individual’s tendency to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety

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State Anxiety

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an individual’s level of anxiety at a specific time.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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chronic, pervasive, and debilitating nervousness

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Panic Disorder

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panic attacks that cause ongoing distress or impairment

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Panic Attack

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discrete episodes of acute terror in the absence of real danger

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Phobia

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an intense, persistent and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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Social Phobia

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a phobia in which fears are focused on social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged

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Agoraphobia

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a fear of wide open spaces or crowded places

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Specific phobia

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any phobia that is not a social phobia or agoraphobia

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which distressing and unwanted thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily functioning

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Obsessions

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unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses

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Compulsions

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irrational rituals that are repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obessional thoughts

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Trauma

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an emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a possibility of death or serious injury to oneself for a loved one

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Acute stress disorder

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significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms that occur within one month of a traumatic experience

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Posttraumatic stress disorder

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significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms occurring more than one month after a traumatic experience

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Flashback

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a vivid and often overwhelming recollection of a past traumatic experience

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Comorbidity

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the presence of two or more disorders in one person or a general association between two ore more different disorders

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Nervios

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a term used by lation populations in Latin America and the USA to describe a range of symptoms of nervous distress

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Attaque de Nervios

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a term used in some Latino cultures to describe an episode of intense anxiety

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Shenjing shuairuo

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an anxiety syndrome recognized in china including symptoms of physical or mental exhaustion, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, physical pains, dizziness, headaches, and memory loss

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Taijin kyofusho

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an anxiety disorder recognized in Japan characterized by worry that one’s body or aspects of one’s body will be displeasing or offensive to others.

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Temporal contiguity

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two events occurring closely together in time

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Negative reinforcement

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increasing the probability of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus

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Prepared conditioning

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classical conditioning based on an evolutionary derived sensitivity to certain stimuli that were dangerous in an ancestral environment

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Fear hierarchy

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in systematic desensitization, a list of feared situations ranging from least to most terrifying

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In vivo desensitization

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behavioral desensitization training in which the client is actually confronted with the feared stimulus

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Covert desensitization

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behavioral desensitization intervention for phobias in which the client practices relaxation technique while imagining being confronted with the feared stimulus

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Flooding

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intensive exposure to a feared stimulus.

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introceptive exposure

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deliberate induction of the physiological sensations typically associated with a panic attack

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Exposure and response prevention

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a behavioral intervention in which clients are encouraged to confront a frightening thought or situation and then prevented from engaging in anxiety-reducing behaviors.

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Covert response prevention

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exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder clients whose compulsions are mental processes (not behaviors)

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Prolonged imaginal exposure

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a behavioral intervention in which clients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder are encouraged to describe the traumatizing experiences in detail

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Cognitive schemas

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mental models of the world that are used to organize information

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Cognitive distortions

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irrational beliefs and thinking processes

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Dichotomous reasoning

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a cognitive distortion involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes

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Catastrophiziing

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a cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minor problems as major catastrophes

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Labeling

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a cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis of global, not specific features.

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Personalization

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a cognitive distortion in which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event.

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Fight or flight response

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extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal that prepares animals to flee or attack when faced with danger

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Limbic system

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a group of subcortical structures involved in the experience and expression of emotions and the formation of memories

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Amygdala

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a brain structure which registers the emotional significance of sensory signals and contributes to the expression of emotion

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Hippocampus

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a brain structure involved in the formation of new memories

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Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

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a neurotransmitter that inhibits nervous system activity

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Norepinephrine

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a neurotransmitter associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system… involved in depression and panic attacks

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Locus coeruleus

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a part of the brain stem associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system

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Serotonins

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a neurotransmitter associated with depression and anxiety

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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a ‘second generation’ class of antidepressant medications that block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse… used for depression

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Tricyclic antidepressants

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a ‘first generation’ class of antidepressant medications which increases the availability of both serotonin and norepinephrine

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Barbiturates

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sedative drugs sometimes used to treat anxiety

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Benzodiazepines

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sedative drugs that treat anxiety by increasing the activity of GABA

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Beta-Blockers

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drugs that treat anxiety by decreasing the activity of norepinephrine

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Azaspirones

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drugs that great anxiety by regulating serotonin

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Repression

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a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content

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Displacement

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defense mechanism in which feelings about someone or something are unconsciously shifted to someone or something else

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Oedipus complex

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a phase during normal development when children desire an exclusive loving relationship with the parent of the opposite sex

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Projection

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defense mechanism in which an individual attributes his or her own unacceptable emotions to something or someone else

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Isolation of affect

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a defense mechanism in which thoughts occur without associated feelings

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Undoing

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a defense mechanism in which one action or thought is used to ‘cancel out’ another action or thought.

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HPA axis

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a brain system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex that regulates the release of stress hormones into the bloodstream