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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Viral adsorption and penetration into the cell is blocked by ---------.
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Gama-globulins (non-specific).
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Uncoating of the virus after its penetration into the cell is blocked by --------.
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Amantadine (influenza A).
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Antiviral chemotherapy: Early viral protein synthesis is blocked by --------.
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Fomivirsen (CMV).
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Antiviral chemotherapy: Viral nuclei acid synthesis is blocked by --------.
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Purine, pyrimidine analogs; reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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Late viral protein synthesis and processing is blocked by --------.
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Methimazole (variola); protease inhibitors.
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Antiviral chemotherapy: Packaging and assembly of new viron is blocked by --------.
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Rifampin (vaccinia).
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Mechanism of action of Amantadine.
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Blocks viral penetration/uncoating; may buffer pH of endosome. Also causes the release of dopamine from intact nerve terminals. "Amantadine blocks influenza A and rubellA and causes problems with the cerebellA."
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Clinical uses of Amantadine.
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Prophylaxis for influenza A; Parkinson's disease.
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Symptoms of Amantadine toxicity.
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Ataxia, dizziness, slurred speech. (Rimantidine is a derivative with fewer CNS side effects.) "Amantadine blocks influenza A and rubellA and causes problems with the cerebellA."
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Mechanism of action of Zanamivir.
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Inhibits influenza neuraminidase.
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Clinical use of Zanamivir.
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Both influenza A and B.
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Mechanism of action of Ribavirin.
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Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase.
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Clinical use of Ribavirin.
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RSV (respiratory syncytial virus).
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Symptoms of Ribavirin toxicity.
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Hemolytic anemia. Severe teratogen.
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Mechanism of aciton of Acyclovir.
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Perferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase.
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Clinical use of Acyclovir.
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HSV, VZV, EBV. Mucocutaneous and genital herpes lesions. Prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients.
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Symptoms of Acyclovir toxicity.
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Delirium, tremor, nephrotoxicity.
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Mechanism of action of Ganciclovir.
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Phosphorlation by viral kinase; perferentially inhibits CMV DNA polymerase.
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Clinical use of Ganciclovir.
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CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients.
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Symptoms of Ganciclovir toxicity.
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Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity. More toxic to host enzymes than acyclovir.
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Mechanism of action of Foscarnet.
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Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor that binds to the pyrophophate binding site of the enzyme. Does not require activation by viral kinase. "FOScarnet = pyroFOSphate analog."
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Clinical use of Foscarnet.
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CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when ganciclovir fails.
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Foscarnet toxicity.
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Nephrotoxicity.
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Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir are example of this type of anti-HIV drug.
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Protease inhibitor.
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Mechanism of action of protease inhibitors.
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Inhibit assembly of new virus by blocking protease enzyme.
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Symptoms of protease inhibitor toxicity.
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GI intolerance (nausea, diarrhea), hyperglycemia, lipid abnormalities, thrombocytopenia (indinavir).
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Zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), and abacavir are examples of --------- reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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Nucleoside.
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Nevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz are examples of --------- reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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Non-nucleoside.
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Mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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Preferentially inhibit reverse transcriptase of HIV; prevent incorporation of viral genome into host DNA.
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Symptoms of reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity.
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Bone marrow supression (neutropenia, anemia), periphral neuropathy, lactic acidosis (nucleosides), rash (non-nucleosides), megaloblastic anemia (AZT).
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) generally entails combination therapy with ---------- and -----------.
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Protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
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When should HIV therapy be initiated?
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When patients have low CD4 counts (<500 cells/mm3) or high viral load.
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Mechanism of action of Interferons.
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Glycoproteins from human leukocytes that block various stages of viral RNA and DNA synthesis.
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Clinical use of Interferons.
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Chronic hepatitis B and C, Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Symptoms of Interferon toxicity.
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Neutropenia.
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