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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Protozoa.
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Unicellular organisms; mostly free living and harmless
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Name a few protozoan parasites?
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Coccidiosis, giardiasis, crytosporidiosis, thrichomoniasis, babeiosis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria
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What comes under the Phylum Sarcomastigophora
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Amoebae and Flagellates
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What comes undert the Phylum Apicomplexa?
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Coccidia, Haemosporozoans, and Piroplasms
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What are the suborders and subclasses under Phylum Apicomplexa?
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Suborders: Eimeriorina and Haemospororina (subclass- piroplasmasina: the piroplasms and babesiosis
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What diseases are classified under Toxoplasmosis?
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Feline intestinal and disseminated toxoplasmosis
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What diseases are classified under Suborder Eimeriorina?
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Intestinal and external Coccida, Cryptospodiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Canine Neosporosis, and Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
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What diseases are classified under Suborder Haemospororina?
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the Haemosporozoans, canine hepatozoonosis
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What antiprotozoan phylum has ciliates of mammals and fish?
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Phylum Ciliophora
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What agent under Phylum Ciliophora may be harmful?
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Balantidium Coli
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What is used as an effective treatment against Balantidium Coli
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Tetracycline and Metronidazol
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What is comprised in the Phylum Microspora?
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a group of intracellular spore producing parasites that have very little importance in domestic animals; Encephalitozoon cuniculi- in rabbits
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What signs are seen in rabbits and dogs infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
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it causes CNS lesions in rabbits and it can cause CNS disease in young dogs
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What is used to treat animals with E. cuniculi infection?
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Albendazole
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Amoebaesis is most common is what species?
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humans
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What three mucosal flagellates are important parasites in animals?
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giardia, tri-thrichomoniasis foetus, and trypanosoma theileri
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Which mucosal flagellate is found in bovine reproductive tract?
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Tri-thrichomoniasis
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What can Tri-thrichomoniasis cause in bovine?
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early abortion, pyometra, and sterility
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What mucosal flagellate is an intestinal disease in companion animals?
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giardia
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What is and where can you find Trypanosoma theileri?
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T. theileri is a mucosal flagellates that occurs in the blood of cattle but clinically has little importance
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What Nitroimidazoles is used in the US against amoebae and flagellates?
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Metronidazole
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Why is metronidazole the only nitroimidazole used in the US?
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the others are expected to be carcinogenic
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What is Metronidazole used to treat?
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tx of giardiain dogs, cats and calves
genital trichomoniasis in bovine (not intended for food) |
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What are the contraindications when giving Sodium Stibogluconate?
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avoid in animals with myocarditis, liver and renal dz
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What is Sodium Stibogluconate used to treat?
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effective in canine leishmainiasis given IM or SC
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Adverse effects of Sodium Stibogluconate?
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pain at injection site, delayed muscle pain and joint stiffness
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What arsenicals where used for the treatment and prevention of histomoniasis and coccidiosis in turkey and chickens?
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carbarsone, nitrosone, and roxarsone
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Arsenicals are not safe in what spp?
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dogs, ducks and geese
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True or False: Benzimidazoles are good antiprotozoan drugs for canine giardia
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Yes, true, albendazole, fenbendazole, and febantel
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What is Paromomycin and what is it used to treat?
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an aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of luminal amoebiasis, leishmainasis, and cryptosporidiosis
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What is the MOA of Paromomycin?
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unknown, but suspected to interfer with parasite mitochondria
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Side effect of Paromomycin?
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renal toxicity
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True or False: Paromomycin can be given IM for visceral leishmaniasis in dogs
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True
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What drug is used for the treatment of Try. cruzi infection in humans and canines?
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Nifurtimox
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What drug is obtained from the CDC to be used for treatment?
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Nifurtimox
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What is the side effects of Nifurtimox?
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most dogs will develop chronic cardiac dz, which is fatal
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What is the most commonly used tetracycline (antiprotozoan)?
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Oxytetracycline
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What are tetracyclines active against?
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amoeboe, mucosal flagellates, piroplasms, and ciliates
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What is a similiar characteristic of the members in the Phylum Apicomplexa?
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the coccidia, haemosporozoans and piroplasms are obligatory parasites
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What type of life cycle does Cryptosporidiosis?
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the life cycle of this coccidian is direct
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What does C. parvum (coccidian) cause?
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intestinal dz in humans and other animals
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What is the treatment of a naturally infected cat with cryptosporidial diarrhea and calves?
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oral paromomycin
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What spp is the only spp that shed Toxoplasmosis gondii oocysts in their feces?
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cats
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what drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of Feline Intestinal Toxoplasmosis?
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Clindamycin, pyrimethamine plus sulfonamides, monensin, and toltrazuril
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What is the DRUG OF CHOICE for Disseminated Toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats?
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Clindamycin
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How is clindamycin produced?
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it is a semi-synthetic product produced by alteration of lincomycin
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True or False: Cats and dogs can be treated with clindamycin by oral and IM injection
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False, Cats are only treated orally, dogs are treated orally and IM injection
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What is the intermediate host of Canine Neosporosis?
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Dogs can be both the intermediate host and the definitive hosts
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When is Canine Neosporosis most severe?
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most sever when seen in congentially infected puppies
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What are the affects of puppies infected with canine neosporosis?
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posterior paralysis, encephalitis, polymyocitis, and polyadiculoneuritis
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What is used to treat canine neosporosis?
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clindamycin orally 2x daily, or DHFR/TS + sulfonamide
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What is DHFR/TS?
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dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase
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What drugs remove the tissue cyst of canine neosporosis?
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there are no drugs that remove the tissue cysts
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True or False: DHFR/TS + sulfonamides are used to treat canine toxoplasmosis
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True
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What is the most important protozoal disease in horses?
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Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
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True or False: EPM is a member of genus Clipocosis and named C. flii
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False, EPM is a member of genus Sarcocystis and name S. neurona
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What is the definitive host of EPM?
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opossum
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What is the recommended treatment for EPM?
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Trimethoprim-sulfonamide(2x daily) combined with pyrimethamine (1x daily) for 30 days after clinical signs have stopped improving
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Why should corticosteriods be avoided in patients with EPM?
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because it may casue laminitis, only administered in life threatening emergencies
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What other compounds can be used in horses with EPM?
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antiinflammatory compounds such as flunixin meglumine or phenulbutazone, and dexamethasone
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What spp is included in Haemosporozans and what do they cause?
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Plasmodium-malaria in humans
Leucocytozoon- only in birds-nonpathogenic Haemoproteus- nonpathogenic in birds |
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What agents are included under Canine Hepatozoonosis?
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Hepatozoon canis- nonpath.
Hepatozoon americum- |
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What transmits Hepatozoon americum?
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Amblyoma maculatum Gulf cost tick
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What signs are seen in dogs with canine hepatozoonosis?
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fever, stiffness, gait abnormalities, mucopurulent discharge, and marked leukocytosis
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What drug is used for the treatment of H. americanum?
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combination of trimethoprim plus sufladiazine (orally) plus clindamycin (orally) plus pyrimethamine for about two weeks
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What are piroplasms?
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tick transmitted protozoan that includes babesia, theileria, and cystauxzoon
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True or False:Babesia, Theileria, and Cystauxzoon are all found in the host blood cell and lymphoid cell
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False, Babesia is only found in the host blood cell.
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What clinical signs are seen in animals with babesiosis?
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hemolytic anemia, anorexia, jaundice, fever, CNS signs, and hemoglobinuria
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What drugs are used to treat Babesiosis?
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Bvne, Eqne -tx with: diminazene diaceturate, pentamidine isethionate, amicarbalide, imidocarb
Dogs- tx. - diminazene and imidocarb |
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What drugs can be used as prophylaxis for animals infected with Babesiosis?
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tetracyclines or oxy-tetracyclines
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What animals are mostly infected with Theileriosis?
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mostly in cattle in africa and some wild ruminants in the US
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What drugs are used to treat Cytauxzoonosis?
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Parvaquone (IM or SC) and Buparvaquone
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Which spp are parvaquone and buparvaquone most effective against?
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cattle
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What Clincal signs are seen in animals with EPM?
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brain dz (more than spinal dz), muscle atrophy, head tilt, urinary incontinence, constipation
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When is the best time to treat EPM?
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as soon as EPM is suspected
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