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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aka
chemotherapeutics |
antimicrobial drugs
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any agent (chemical drug/compound) used against infection
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antimicrobial drugs or chemotherapeutics
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endemic
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a disease that is living all the time in a population
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prophylaxis
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preventive treatment
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antibiotic
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drug that is antimicrobial
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True or False
We have a limited list of vaccines that are effective against eukaryotic organisms |
False there are NO VACCINES that are effective against eukaryotic organisms; a limited list for fungi, protozoa and helminths
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How does a ZOI determine susceptibility to antibiotics
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the larger the ZOI the lower dose of the drug is needed to fight infection
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What are the four factors to consider for drug selection?
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1. Suitable effectiveness for target pathogen
2. Selective toxicity 3. Spectrum: Narrow or Broad 4. Microcidal/Bactericidal |
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Why do we not want to use a broad spectrum drug all the time?
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destroys resident flora leaving an opportunity for other bacteria
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List the five ways antibacterial drugs target pathogens
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1. Cell wall - inhibiting cell wall synthesis
2. Membrane integrity 3. Protein synthesis - inhibiting protein synthesis 4. Metabolic pathways - interfering with enzymes in the pathways specifically inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid 5. Nucleic Acid - blocks RNA polymerase from transcription and inhibit replication by blocking DNA gyrase |
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List the three types of Antivirals
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1. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs
2. Anti-retrovirals 3. Neuraminidase inhibitors |
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Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs
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a type of antiviral drug that is:
-effective against herpes by interfering with replication |
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Anti-retrovirals
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a type of antiviral drug that is effective against HIV and inhibits reverse transcriptase and proteases
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Neuraminidase inhibitors
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a type of antiviral that is effective against influenza viruses
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Acyclovir (resembles deoxyguanosine)
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antiviral drug
type: Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs fights: herpes |
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Zidovudine
(aka AZT) |
antiviral drug
type: Anti-retrovirals fights: HIV 1st reverse transcriptase inhibitor to be used in HIV+ pregnant women 90% protective |
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AZT
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Zidovudine
1st reverse transcriptase inhibitor to be used in HIV+ pregnant women 90% protective |
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Relenza
Tamiflu |
antiviral drug
type: neuraminidase inhibitor fights: influenza |
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Briefly describe selective advantage of drug resistance
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antimicrobial drug is taken
sensitive organisms are killed or inhibited resistant survivors can multiply without competition |
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list the four mechanisms to drug resistance
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1 - drug inactivating enzyme
2 - alteration in target molecule that prohibits binding 3 - deceased uptake (can't get in, porin proteins prevent entry) 4 - increased elimination (drug gets in but is immediately ejected by efflux pump) |
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how does a pathogen acquire drug resistance?
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the resistant survivor conjugates its plasmid amongst like cells
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How is drug resistance increasing? (simplified)
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via inappropriate use of antibiotics (ie not finishing drugs)
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What are the top 3 infectious killers?
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TB
Malaria HIV |
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What are some steps we can do to slow down drug resistance?
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1. reduce use of antibiotics in animal feed
2. educate public about limitations of antibiotic therapy 3. appropriate prescription and usage 4. eliminate inappropriate uses (eg common cold, ear infections) 5. eliminate misuse (ie taking someone else's medication) 6. administer drugs at optimal strength and adequate course 7. combined therapy |
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This broad spectrum drug inhibits protein synthesis
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tetracyclines
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this drug only works on mycobacteria
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isoniazid
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this type of drug works mostly against G+ pathogens
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penicillins
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this type of bacteria is mostly found in gut flora
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Gneg bacteria
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What three drugs target cell wall synthesis?
(inhibits peptidoglycan) |
B-lactam drugs
vancomycin bacitracin penicilins |
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True or False
Penicillin was the 1st antibiotic |
True, penicillin was the first antiobiotic
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True or False
The #1 antibiotic is tylenol |
False, Amoxcillin is the #1 antibiotic (derived from penicillium molds)
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Do penicillins have a high toxicity?
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No they are known for their LOW toxicity levels
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Are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
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Bacteriostatic
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Is there increased or decreased resistance to penicillins?
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increasing resistance
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What is Bacitracin?
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a type of drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis;
HIGHLY TOXIC; OTC and topical use only |
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Which drug is the first line drug for TB?
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Isoniazid; however there is increasing resistance
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How does Isoniazid work?
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It interferes with mycolic acid synthesis
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What drug used to be the last line against MRSA
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Vancomycin given only by IV is more toxic to patients
there is increasing resistance |
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what are two antibacterial drug examples that target membrane activity?
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Polymyxin B which is highly toxic, OTC first-aid topical
Many antifungals which are highly toxic topicals |
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How do antibacterial drugs work on bacteria cell membranes?
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Polymyxins bind to the cell membrane and alter its structure, making it more permeable. The resulting water uptake leads to cell death.
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How do antibacterial drugs inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria?
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by inhibiting either the 30s or 50s ribosomes and blocking tRNA for protein synthesis
(all derived from Streptomyces) |
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What are the two antibiotics that block the 30s ribosome?
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Aminoglycosides (neomycin, OTC topical)
Tetracyclines (very broad spectrum, inhibit normal flora) |
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What are the two antibiotics that block the 50s ribosome?
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Macrolides (drug of choice for G+ infections instead of penicilins)
erythromycin (2nd most prescribed) |
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what types of antibacterials target metabolic pathways of bacteria?
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sulfonamides and trimethoprim
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How do sulfonamides and trimethoprim affect the metabolic pathways of bacteria?
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interfere with enzymes involved; inhibit synthesis of folic acid growth factor and nucleotide synthesis
use together for urinary tract infections broad spectrum bacteriostatic |
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Target: nucleic acid synthesis
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Rifamycins (1st line drug used in combo; mostly for mycobacteria blocks RNA polymerase)
Quinolones and Fluoroquinlones like Ciprofloxacin (broad spectrum, block DNA gyrase and useful for UTIs) |
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What is the common structure to all bacteria?
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70s ribosome easy to target
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