Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Penicillin
|
Antibiotic, Bactericidal
Mech: Bind penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs); block transpeptidase cross-linking of bacterial cell wall; activate autolytic enzymes Ind: Mostly gram+ and syphilis. S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Actinomyces. Bactericidal for gram+ cocci, gram+ rods, gram- cocci, and spirochetes. |
Tox: Hypersensitivity, hemolytic anemia.
Res: Penicillinase or β-lactamase |
|
|
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin
|
Antibiotic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Mech: Bind penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs); block transpeptidase cross-linking of bacterial cell wall; activate autolytic enzymes Ind: S. aureus (except MRSA - resistant due to altered PBP target site) |
Tox: Hypersensitivity
Methicillin - interstitial nephritis Overcomes penicillinase due to bulkier R group |
|
|
Ampicillin, amoxicillin
|
Antibiotic, aminopenicillins
Mech: Bind penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs); block transpeptidase cross-linking of bacterial cell wall; activate autolytic enzymes Ind: extended spectrum: some gram+ bacterial & gram- rods. H. influenzae, E. coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, enterococci. |
Tox: Hypersensitivity rxns; ampicillin rash; pseudomembranous colitis
Mnemonic (indications): HELPS kill enterococci. Haemophilus E. coli Listeria Proteus Salmonella |
|
|
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin
|
Antibiotics, antipseudomonals
Mech: Bind penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs); block transpeptidase cross-linking of bacterial cell wall; activate autolytic enzymes Ind: Pseudomonas spp. & gram- rods. |
Tox: Hypersensitivity
Res: susceptible to penicillinase (use with clavulanic acid) Mnemonic (drugs): TCP - Takes Care of Pseudomonas |
|
|
Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
|
Antibiotic adjuncts; β-lactamase inhibitors
Ind: use with penicillin Abx to protect it from β-lactamase destruction |
Mnemonic (drugs): CAST
|
|
|
Cefazolin, cephalexin
|
Antibiotics, 1st generation cephalosporins. Bactericidal
Mech: β-lactam drugs; inhibit cell wall synthesis, less susceptible to penicillinases. Ind: gram+ cocci, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Tox: Hypersensitivity, Vit K deficiency.
Poss cross-hypersensitivity with penicillins Inc. nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides Poss disulfram-like rxn with ethanol Mnemonic (indications): PEcK |
|
|
Cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime
|
Antibiotic, 2nd generation cephalosporins. Bactericidal.
Mech: β-lactam drugs; inhibit cell wall synthesis, less susceptible to penicillinases. Ind: gram+ cocci; H. influenzae; Enterobacter; Neisseria spp.; Proteus; E. coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Serratia marcescens |
Tox: Hypersensitivity, Vit K deficiency.
Poss cross-hypersensitivity with penicillins Inc. nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides Poss disulfram-like rxn with ethanol Mnemonic (indications): HEN PEcK |
|
|
Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime
|
Antibiotics, 3rd generation cephalosporins. Bactericidal
Mech: β-lactam drugs; inhibit cell wall synthesis, less susceptible to penicillinases. Ind: serious gram- infxns resistant to other β-lactams Ceftriaxone - meningitis & gonorrhea Ceftazidime - Pseudomonas |
Tox: Hypersensitivity, Vit K deficiency.
Poss cross-hypersensitivity with penicillins Inc. nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides Poss disulfram-like rxn with ethanol |
|
|
Cefepime
|
Antibiotic, 4th generation cephalosporin. Bactericidal
Mech: β-lactam drug; inhibit scell wall synthesis, less susceptible to penicillinases. Ind: for inc. activity against Pseudomonas & gram+ organisms |
Tox: Hypersensitivity, Vit K deficiency.
Poss cross-hypersensitivity with penicillins Inc. nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides Poss disulfram-like rxn with ethanol |
|
|
Aztreonam
|
Antibiotic. Monobactam with β-lactamase resistance.
Mech: Binds PBPs, inhibits cell wall synthesis. Synergy with aminoglycosides. Ind: gram- rods only!! No activity against gram+s or anaerobes. For penicillin-allergic pts or pts with renal insufficiency (aminoglycosides are C/I) |
Tox: No cross-allergenicity or cross-sensitivity with penicillins or cephalosporins
Occasional GI upset; generally nontoxic |
|
|
Imipenem/cilastin, meropenem
|
Antibiotic (with adjunct)
Mech: Imipenem - broad-spectrum, β-lactamase-resistant carbapenem. Cilastin - inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I Together, dec. inactivation of drug in renal tubules. ALWAYS use together! Meropenem - stable to dihydropeptidase I by itself Ind: gram+ cocci, gram- rods, anaerobes. Wide spectrum, but only used as 2nd line or for life-threatening infxns |
Tox: significant; limits use
CNS toxicity [seizures] at high plasma levels (less so for meropenem) GI distress, skin rash Mnemonic (drugs): Imipenem's kill is LASTIN' with ciLASTATIN. |
|
|
Vancomycin
|
Antibiotic, Bactericidal
Mech: binds D-ala-D-ala portion of cell wall precursor, inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation. Ind: gram+ only! For serious, multidrug-resistant organisms - S. aureus, enterococcim, C. difficile |
Tox: Generally well-tolerated
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing ("red man syndrome") Toxicities dec. by pretreatment with antihistamines & slow infusion Res: amino acid change from D-ala-D-ala to D-ala-D-lac Mnemonic (toxicities): does NOT have many problems. |
|
|
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin
|
Antibiotic, aminoglycosides. Bactericidal.
Mech: inhibit formation of ribosome initiation complex, cause misreading of mRNA. Ind: Severe gram- rod infxns. Synergy with β-lactams. Neomycin for bowel surgery No fx on anaerobes (needs oxygen for uptake) |
Tox: Nephrotoxicity (esp with cephalosporins)
Ototoxicity (esp with loop diuretics) Teratogen Res: Transferase enzymes inactivate drugs by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation Mnemonic (drugs, indication, toxicities): "Mean" GNATS canNOT kill anerobes. |
|
|
Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline
|
Antibiotics, tetracyclines. Bacteriostatic.
Mech: Bind 30S ribosomal unit and prevent aminoacyl-tRNA attachment. Limited CNS penetration Ind: Borrelia, H. pylori, M. pneumoniae. Rickettsia, Chlamydia - can accumulate intracellularly Demeclocycline is an ADH antagonist; acts as a diuretic. Doxycycline is fecally eliminated - can use in pts with renal failure |
Tox: Tooth discoloration & inhibition of bone growth in children.
Photosensitivity, GI distress Doxycycline can't be taken with milk, antacids, or Fe-containing preparations; divalent cations inhibit its absorption. Res: dec. uptake into cells or inc. efflux out of cells (plasmid-encoded transport pumps) |
|
|
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
|
Antibiotic, macrolides. Bacteriostatic.
Mech: bind 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit; block translocation, inhibit protein synthesis. Ind: Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella) URIs, STDs, gram+ cocci (strep infxns if pt allergic to penicillin), Neisseria |
Tox: prolonged QT interval (esp erythromycin)
GI discomfort (causes noncompliance) Acute cholestatic hepatitis Eosinophilia, skin rashes Inc. serum concentration of theophyllines & oral anticoagulants Res: methylation of 23S rRNA binding site. |
|
|
Chloramphenicol
|
Antibiotic. Bacteriostatic.
Mech: inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase activity, blocks growth of polypeptide Ind: Meningitis (H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumoniae) Toxicities limit use. |
Tox: anemia (dose dependent), aplastic anemia (dose independent)
Gray baby syndrome (in premature infants due to no UDP-glucuronyl transferase) Res: Plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase inactivates drug |
|
|
Clindamycin
|
Antibiotic. Bacteriostatic
Mech: blocks peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit. Ind: Anaerobic infxns above the diaphragm (Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, etc.). Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses |
Tox: Pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff overgrowth)
Fever, diarrhea |
|
|
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine
|
Antibiotic. Bacteriostatic.
Mech: PABA antimetabolite; inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase Ind: Gram+, gram-, Nocardia, Chlamydia. Triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI |
Tox: Hypersensitivity, sulfa allergy, photosensitivity, kernicterus in infants
If G6PD deficient, hemolysis Nephrotoxicity due to tubulointerstitial nephritis Displaces other drugs from albumin (e.g., warfarin) Res: altered bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase resists binding Dec. uptake into cells Inc. PABA synthesis |
|
|
Trimethoprim (TMP)
|
Antibiotic. Bacteriostatic
Mech: Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Synergy with sulfonamides - sequential block of folate synthesis. Ind: recurrent UTIs, Shigella, Salmonella, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia |
Tox: Megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia.
Can be eased with leucovorin rescue - supplemental folinic acid. Mnemonic (toxicity): TMP Treats Marrow Poorly |
|
|
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin
|
Antibiotics, fluoroquinolones. Bactericidal.
Mech: inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II). Don't take with antacids. Ind: gram- rods of UTIs or GI tracts. Pseudomonas, Neisseria, some gram+s. |
Tox: superinfxns, GI upset, skin rash, headache, dizziness.
C/I in pregnant women & kids - risk of cartilage damage. Tendonitis & tendon rupture in adults; leg cramps & myalgias in kids. Res: Chromosome-encoded mutation in DNA gyrase. Mnemonic (toxicity): FluoroquinoLONES hurt attachments to your BONES. |
|
|
Metronidazole
|
Antiprotozoan, antibiotic (bactericidal)
Mech: forms free radical toxic metabolites in bacterial cell, causes DNA damage. Ind: Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, Clostridium). For H. Pylori when with bismuth & amoxicillin (or tetracycline) - "triple therapy" Anaerobic infxn below the diaphragm |
Tox: Disulfram-like rxn with alcohol
Headache, metallic taste Mnemonic (indications): GET GAP on the Metro |
|
|
Polymixin B, colistimethate (polymixin E)
|
Antibiotic, polymixins.
Mech: bind cell membranes, disrupt osmotic properties. Cationic, basic proteins - act like detergents. Ind: for resistant gram- infxns |
Tox: Neurotox, acute renal tubular necrosis
Mnemonic (mechanism): 'MYXins MIX up membranes |
|
|
Drugs for M. tuberculosis
|
Treatment - Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
Prophylaxis - Isoniazid |
Mnemonic: RIPE
|
|
|
Drugs for M. avium-intracellulare
|
Treatment - Azithromycin, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin
Prophylaxis - Azithromycin |
blank
|
|
|
Drugs for M. leprae
|
Treatment - Dapsone, Rifampin, Clofazimine
Prophylaxis - none |
Mnemonic: Dr. C. treats leprosy
|
|
|
Pyrazinamide
|
Anti-mycobacterial
Mech: works in acidic pH of phagosomes (where TB is after phagocytosis) Ind: TB |
Tox: hepatotox
Mnemonic (TB drugs): RIPE or - INH-SPIRE Streptomycin Pyrazinamide Isoniazid (INH) Rifampin Ethambutol |
|
|
Ethambutol
|
Antimycobacterial
Mech: blocks arabinosyltransferase, dec. carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterium cell wall Ind: TB |
Tox: optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness)
Mnemonic (TB drugs): RIPE or - INH-SPIRE Streptomycin Pyrazinamide Isoniazid (INH) Rifampin Ethambutol |
|
|
Isoniazid (INH)
|
Antimycobacterial
Mech: dec. synthesis of mycolic acids. Converted to active metabolite by bacterial catalase-peroxidase Different half-lives - fast v. slow acetylators Ind: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Only Rx used as solo prophylaxis |
Tox: Neurotox, hepatotox, lupus.
Vit B6 can prevent neurotox & lupus. Mnemonic (toxicity): INH Injures Neurons & Hepatocytes |
|
|
Rifampin
|
Antimycobacterial
Mech: Inhibit DNA-dependent RNA Pol Ind: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leprosy - delays resistance to dapsone. Prophylaxis for meningococcus Chemoprophylaxis in contacts of kids with Haemophilus influenzae type B |
Tox: Minor hepatotox
Drug interactions - inc. P450 Orange/red body fluids (no adverse effects) Mnemonic: Rifampin's 4 Rs: RNA Pol inhibitor Revs up cP450 Red/orange body fluids Rapid resistance if used alone |
|
|
Amphotericin B
|
Antifungal
Mech: binds ergosterol on fungal cell membrane; forms pores -> electrolyte leakage Ind: serious, systemic mycoses (not to be used lightly!) Ex: Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Candida, Mucor Intrathecally for fungal meningitis |
Tox: nephrotoxicity, IV phlebitis
Less important: fever/chills, hypotension, arrhythmias, anemia Reduce nephrotox with hydration Less toxicity with liposomal amphotericin |
|
|
Nystatin
|
Antifungal
Mech: binds ergosterol on fungal cell membrane, forms holes -> electrolyte leakage Ind: topical only! (v. toxic) Thrush ("swish & swallow"), diaper rash, or vaginal candidiasis |
Tox: not sure, but it must be bad.
|
|
|
Fluconazole
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 Ind: systemic mycoses. Cryptococcal meningitis (AIDS) b/c can cross BBB Candidal infections |
Tox: hepatotox (inhibits P450!)
Inc. effect of drug metabolized by P450 Inhibits hormone synthesis -> gynecomastia |
|
|
Ketoconazole
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 Ind: systemic mycoses. Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Candida Hypercortisolism (inhibits hormone synthesis) |
Tox: hepatotox (inhibits P450!)
Inc. effect of drug metabolized by P450 Inhibits hormone synthesis -> gynecomastia |
|
|
Clotrimazole
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 Ind: topical fungal infections |
Tox: not a big problem when topical!
|
|
|
Miconazole
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 Ind: topical fungal infections |
Tox: not a big problem when topical
|
|
|
Itraconazole
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 Ind: systemic mycoses. Sporothrix! |
Tox: hepatotox (inhibits P450!)
Inc. effect of drug metabolized by P450 Inhibits hormone synthesis -> gynecomastia |
|
|
Voriconazole
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 Ind: systemic mycoses. |
Tox: hepatotox (inhibits P450!)
Inc. effect of drug metabolized by P450 Inhibits hormone synthesis -> gynecomastia |
|
|
Flucytosine
|
Antifungal
Mech: converted to 5-fluorouracil (think: cancer drugs), inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis Ind: systemic infections (Candida, Cryptococcus, etc) In combo with amphotericin B |
Tox: myelosuppression!
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Caspofungin
Hint: C-ASP-ofungin |
Antifungal
Mech: inhibit synthesis of betal glucan -> inhibit cell wall synthesis Ind: invasive aspergillosis |
Tox: minimal. GI upset, flushing.
|
|
|
Terbinafine
|
Antifungal
Mech: inhibits squalene epoxidase -> blocks ergosterol Ind: dermatophytoses, esp. onychomycosis Can also use systemically (oral) |
Tox: ?
|
|
|
Griseofulvin
|
Antifungal
Mech: blocks microtubule function, inhibits mitosis Ind: oral for superficial infections Inhibits dermatophytes |
Tox: increases P450! Check LFTs, drug interactions (e.g., warfarin)
Teratogenic, carcinogenic Special: dewposits in keratin-containing tissues; makes nails resistant to fungal infxn, but not until nail grows out entirely (~6 mos!) |
|
|
Amantadine
|
Antiviral
Mech: blocks viral penetration & uncoating (via M2 protein) Causes dopamine release Ind: used to be used for influenza A; useless now Parkinson's |
Tox: anti-cholinergic effects
Ataxia, dizziness, slurred speech Res: mutated M2 protein |
|
|
Rimantidine
|
Antiviral
Mech: blocks viral penetration & uncoating (via M2 protein) Causes dopamine release Ind: used to be used for influenza A; now resistance makes it pointless |
Tox: less than amantadine! Does not cross BBB
BUT - can't use it for Parkinson's |
|
|
Zanamivir
|
Antiviral
Mech: inhibit influenza neuraminidase -> blocks release of new virions Ind: influenza A & B, H1N1, H5N1 |
Resistance growing; only used when necessary.
|
|
|
Oseltamivir
|
Antiviral
Mech: inhibit influenza neuraminidase -> blocks release of new virions Ind: influenza A & B, H1N1, H5N1 (avian flue) |
Resistance growing; only used when necessary.
|
|
|
Ribavirin
|
Antiviral
Mech: competitively inhibits IMP dehydrogenase -> inhibits guanine synthesis Ind: RSV, chronic hepatitis C |
Tox: hemolytic anemia
Severe teratogen ONLY for use in adults!! (& since when do they get RSV?) |
|
|
Acyclovir
|
Antiviral - herpes
Mech: guanosine analog, activated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Inhibits DNA Pol (preferentially viral) -> chain termination Ind: HSV, VZV, EBV Treat within 24-48 hrs if possible! HSV-induced mucocutaneous/genital lesions or encephalitis Prophylaxis for immunocompromised Only against active forms; no effect on latent virus |
Tox: not bad.
Res: lack of viral thymidine kinase |
|
|
Valacyclovir
|
Antiviral - herpes
Mech: guanosine analog, activated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Inhibits DNA Pol (preferentially viral) -> chain termination Ind: HSV, VZV, EBV Treat within 24-48 hrs if possible! HSV-induced mucocutaneous/genital lesions or encephalitis Prophylaxis for immunocompromised Only against active forms; no effect on latent virus |
Tox: not bad.
Res: lack of viral thymidine kinase |
|
|
Famciclovir
|
Antiviral - herpes
Mech: guanosine analog, activated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Inhibits DNA Pol (preferentially viral) -> chain termination Ind: HSV, VZV, EBV Treat within 24-48 hrs if possible! Good for herpes zoster! HSV-induced mucocutaneous/genital lesions or encephalitis Prophylaxis for immunocompromised Only against active forms; no effect on latent virus |
Tox: not bad.
Res: lack of viral thymidine kinase |
|
|
Ganciclovir
|
Antiviral - herpes
Mech: guanosine analog. Activated by CMV viral kinase or HSV/VZV thymidine kinase Inhibits viral DNA Pol Ind: CMV, especially if immunocompromised 2nd line for other herpes viruses |
Tox: serious!
Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia Renal tox Res: mutated DNA Pol, lack of viral kinase |
|
|
Foscarnet
|
Antiviral - herpes.
"3rd line" Mech: pyrophosphate analog. Inhibits viral DNA Pol Needs no activation Ind: CMV retinitis in immunocompromised pts when ganciclovir fails acyclovir-resistant HSV |
Tox: nephrotox
Dec. seizure threshold (via renal wasting of Mg & chelation of Ca) Res: mutated DNA Pol |
|
|
Saquinavir
Hint: -navir |
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy (fat redistribution), diabetes mellitus
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) GI intolerance |
|
|
Ritonavir
|
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: lipodystrophy (fat redistribution)
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) Pancreatitis, GI intolerance |
|
|
Indinavir
|
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy (fat redistribution), diabetes mellitus
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) Thrombocytopenia, nephrolithiasis (renal stones) GI intolerance |
|
|
Nelfinavir
|
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: lipodystrophy (fat redistribution)
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) GI intolerance |
|
|
Amprenavir
|
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy (fat redistribution), diabetes mellitus
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) GI intolerance |
|
|
Lopinavir
|
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: lipodystrophy (fat redistribution)
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) GI intolerance |
|
|
Atazanavir
|
Protease inhibitor
Mech: inhibits protease -> inhibits cleavage of HIV polypeptide -> inhibits assembly of virions Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART therapy |
Tox: lipodystrophy (fat redistribution)
Inhibits P450 (might enhance other HAART drugs!) GI intolerance |
|
|
Zidovudine (ZDV)
|
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Mech: competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Requires phosphorylation by TK Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART Prophylaxis (e.g., needle stick injury, pregnancy) |
Tox: myelosuppression (don't add ganciclovir!) - can be reversed with G-CSF & EPO
Megaloblastic anemia, lactic acidosis, GI intolerance |
|
|
Didanosine (ddI)
|
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Mech: competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Requires phosphorylation by TK Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: pancreatitis, hepatic steatosis, lactic acidosis
Peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Zalcitabine (ddC)
|
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Mech: competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Requires phosphorylation by TK Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: pancreatitis, lactic acidosis
Peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Stavudine (d4T)
|
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Mech: competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Requires phosphorylation by TK Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: pancreatitis, lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis
Peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Lamivudine
|
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Mech: competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Requires phosphorylation by TK Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART Prophylaxis for occupational exposure (e.g., needle stick injury) |
Tox: lactic acidosis
Occasional peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Abacavir
|
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Mech: competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Requires phosphorylation by TK Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: hypersensitivity reactions
|
|
|
Nevirapine
|
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)
Mech: NON-competitively binds reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Does not need phosphorylation Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: rash
|
|
|
Efavirenz
|
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)
Mech: NON-competitively binds reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Does not need phosphorylation Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: rash, confusion
False positive drug test to cannabinoids |
|
|
Declaviridine
|
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)
Mech: NON-competitively binds reverse transcriptase -> end DNA chain Does not need phosphorylation Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART |
Tox: rash
|
|
|
Enfuvirtide
|
Fusion inhibitor
Mech: binds viral gp41, inhibits conformation change needed to fuse with CD4 cells Blocks entry & replication Ind: HIV/AIDS, HAART 2nd line - for pts with persistent viral replication |
Tox: hypersensitivity, reactions at injection site
Inc. risk of bacterial pneumonia |
|
|
IFN-α
|
Interferon
Mech: synthesized by virally-infected cells Block RNA/DNA viral replication Ind: chronic HBV or HBC Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8) |
Tox: neutropenia
|
|
|
IFN-β
|
Interferon
Mech: synthesized by virally-infected cells Block RNA/DNA viral replication Ind: multiple sclerosis |
Tox: neutropenia
|
|
|
IFN-γ
|
Interferon
Mech: synthesized by virally-infected cells Block RNA/DNA viral replication Ind: NADPH oxidase deficiency Not sure what that has to do with viruses... |
Tox: neutropenia
|
