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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define treatment
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targeted administration of a drug to individual diseased animals or groups
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Define control
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administration of a drug to groups of animals based on the fact that some of the animals are diseased
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Define prevention
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administration of a drug to a group of animals prior to an outbreak of disease (none of them are clinically ill)
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What is the clinical definition of resistance?
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a strain is resistant when it survives antimicrobial therapy in the animal
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What are some indicators of resistance?
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increased case fatality rate
increased recovery time increased treatment required persistence of disease or shedding |
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What is the microbiological definition of resistance?
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a strain that grows in the presence of higher concentrations of antimicrobial than is expected compared to other related strains
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What is the difference between inherent and acquired resistance?
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Inherent resistance is due to physical properties of the bacteria that allow tolerance, while acquired resistance is a trait associated with specific strain mutations or gene acquisition
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What is phenotypic resistance?
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a strain that grows at higher MIC than the determined breakpoint
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How quickly did resistance to Penicillin develop?
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almost as soon as it became widely used (within 1 or 2 years!)
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Where are most human resistant infections acquired?
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at the hospital
(NOT from animals, although that can occur) |
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What is NARMS?
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national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system
- tracks antimicrobial resistance in the United States in humans, livestock and retail meat samples |
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What factors are contributing to the global issue of AMR?
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changes in production systems
changes in animal trading increased movement of animals and products lack of global initiative to control it increased human travel |
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What are some common resistance mechanisms bacteria use?
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penicillin binding protein
reduced transport into the bacterial cell alteration of binding sites enhanced metabolism of the drug alternative pathways to "work around" the blockage imposed by the drug |
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How is vertical transmission different than horizontal transmission of resistance factors?
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vertical is inheritance from the parent organism
horizontal is cell to cell transfer, such as by uptake of free DNA, bacteriophage transfer or conjugation |
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How are resistant organisms spread?
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direct (contact)
indirect (food, water, environment) |
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Why is AMR different between species?
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different levels of exposure
different interactions between bacteria and animal species |
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How does short term stoppage of antimicrobial use affect resistance?
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It doesn't change much, it takes many years of not using them for organisms to decrease their resistance
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What is the main thing to consider when using antimicrobials?
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prudent use of the right drug at the right time for the right infection
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