Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

an antibiotic or other chemical that acts by inhibiting or killing microorganisms and is used to treat infectious diseases

Back 1

antimicrobial drug

Front 2

a compound naturally produced by molds or bacteria that inhibits the growth of or kills other microorganisms

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antibiotic

Front 3

this allows for harm of the microbe, but not the host

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selective toxicity

Front 4

the lowest toxic dose divided by the dose typically given to the patient

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therapeutic index

Front 5

a high therapeutic index means the dose is __________ toxic to the host

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less

Front 6

inhibits the growth of bacteria

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bacteriostatic

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kills bacteria

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bactericidal

Front 8

these antimicrobials are important for acute, life threatening infections and they often disrupt the normal microbiota

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broad spectrum

Front 9

extended spectrum, B-lactams, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol are all examples of what type of antimicrobials?

Back 9

broad spectrum

Front 10

these antimicrobials require identification of the pathogen and there is less disruption of the normal microbiota when using them

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narrow spectrum

Front 11

several macrolides and vancomycin are examples of what type of antimicrobials

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narrow spectrum

Front 12

resistance due to the inherent characteristics of an organism

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intrinsic or innate resistance

Front 13

developed resistance through spontaneous mutation or acquisition of a new gene

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acquired resistance

Front 14

a plasmid that encodes resistance to one or more antimicrobial medications

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R plasmid

Front 15

this test has a zone of inhibition to measure the susceptibility of a given bacterial strain to a variety of antimicrobial medication

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Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test

Front 16

this test allows you to measure by reading the printed number at the point where the bacterial growth intersects the strip

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E test

Front 17

the lowest concentration of a given antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a specific organism

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minimum inhibitory concentration

Front 18

the lowest concentration of a given antibiotic that is required to kill 99.9% of a specific organism

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minimum bactericidal concentration

Front 19

chemicals used to treat disease

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chemotherapeutic agents

Front 20

Who discovered that Staphylococcus aureous died in the presence of a contaminating mold (Penicillum)

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Fleming

Front 21

Who purified the compound Penicillin G?

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Chain and Florey

Front 22

What 2 things can naturally produce antibiotics?

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bacteria and molds

Front 23

Most antibiotics come from microorganisms that normally live in the _________

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soil

Front 24

chemically modified antibiotics are considered

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semisynthetic

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when a drug's effect is increased when it is administered with another drug it is considered

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synergistic

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when a drug's effect is decreased when it is administered with another drug it is considered

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antagonistic

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What are some adverse effects antimicrobials can have on the host?

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suppression of normal microbiota, allergic reactions, toxicity

Front 28

combinations of drugs that are neither synergistic or antagonistic are considered what?

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additive

Front 29

an antimicrobials rate of elimination is expressed at its _________ __________

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half life

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the time is takes for the serum concentration of a chemical to decrease by 50%

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half life

Front 31

an imbalance in the microbial population

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dysbiosis

Front 32

B-lactam antibiotics, glycopeptide antibiotics and bacitran all interfere with what?

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peptidoglycan synthesis

Front 33

these antibiotics completely inhibit enzymes that help form cross links between adjacent glycan chains

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B lactam antibiotics

Front 34

these antibiotics bind to the amino acid side chain of NAM molecules, blocking the formation of cross links between adjacent glycan chains

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glycopeptide antibiotics (Vancomycin)

Front 35

this antibiotic interferes with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane

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bacitran

Front 36

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactems are all what type of antibiotic?

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B lactam

Front 37

B-lactam antibiotics have a _________ therapeutic index so that are often the preferred option for treating bacterial infections

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high

Front 38

enzymes that catalyze the formation of peptide bridges between NAM molecules on glycan chains

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penicillin binding proteins

Front 39

B lactam antibiotics are only bactericidal against what type of bacteria?

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growing bacteria

Front 40

an enzyme that breaks the B-lactam ring, destroying the activity of the antibiotic

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B lactamase

Front 41

What are the 2 natural penicillins and what spectrum are they a part of?

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G and V, narrow

Front 42

What natural penicillin is more stable in acid and is therefore better absorbed when taken orally?

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V

Front 43

these penicillins were developed by scientists in response to the problem of penicillinase producing strains

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semisynthetic penicillins

Front 44

some S. aureus strains acquired the ability to resist penicillinase resistant penicillins and they are called

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MRSA

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these penicillins have less activity against gram positive bacteria

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extended spectrum

Front 46

this antimicrobial is more effective against gram + bacteria and is considered an antibiotic of last resort

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Vancomycin

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bacitracin has a high toxicity so it is used __________

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topically

Front 48

Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, cell membrane integrity and metabolic pathways are all what?

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antimicrobial targets

Front 49

the structure of the bacterial 70s ribosome is composed of a 30s and 50s subunit and the eukaryotic 80s ribosome is different (40s and 60s), making it a suitable target for what?

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selective toxicity

Front 50

these reversibly bind to the 30s ribosomal subunity, blocking the attachment of tRNA and preventing translation from continuing

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tetracyclines

Front 51

tetracyclines have _________ selective toxicity and are bacteriostatic for what type of bacteria?

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high, gram + and -

Front 52

bactericidal antibiotics that irreversibly bind to the 30s ribosomal sunbunit causing it to distort and malfunction; they are not effective against anaerobes

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aminoglycosides

Front 53

these antibiotics reversibly bind to the 50s ribosomal subunit and prevent the continuation of translation; serve as the medication of choice for patients who are allergic to penicillin

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macrolides

Front 54

this antibacterial binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit, is bacteriostatic, and is only used as a last resort for life threatening infections

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chloramphenicol

Front 55

quinolones, fluoroquinolones, and rifamycins all use what as their target?

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enzymes required for nucleic acid synthesis

Front 56

these synthetic compounds inhibit DNA gyrase and are bactericidal against a wide variety of bacteria

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fluoroquinolones

Front 57

antibiotics that block bacterial RNA polymerase from initiating transcription and are bactericidal against gram -, +, and mycobacterium; resistance to these develops easily

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rifamycins

Front 58

these drugs are synthetic compounds that compete and inhibits enzyme in folate biosynthesis; they have low toxicity and are bacteriostatic for gram + and - bacteria

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Sulfa drugs

Front 59

this inhibits the bacterial enzyme that catalyzes a metabolic step following the one inhibited by sulfonamide

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trimethoprim

Front 60

Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim are often used together for what type of effect?

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synergistic

Front 61

these antibiotics damage bacterial membranes by binding or inserting into the cytoplasmic membrane which causes the cells to leak, leading to death

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daptomycin and polymyxin B

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Daptomycin is effective against gram _____ bacteria

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+

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Polymyxin B is effective against gram _____ bacteria

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-

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what factors contribute to the fact that relatively few antimicrobials are effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

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waxy cell wall and slow growth

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the first line drugs used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis are ________ toxic than the second line drugs

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less

Front 66

only ___% of S. aureus were originally resistant to penicillin G, but as a result of acquired resistant more the ____% are now resistant

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3%, 90%

Front 67

if a drug has multiple targets, resistance through spontaneous mutation is __________ likely

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less

Front 68

drug inactivating enzymes, changing the target, decreased drug uptake, increased elimination and development of an alternative pathway are all mechanisms of what?

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acquired resistance

Front 69

what are the 2 ways bacteria acquire resistance?

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spontaneous mutation and gene transfer

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What is the most common form of gene transfer that leads to acquired resistance?

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conjugative transfer of R plasmids

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does human antibiotic use cause mutations or resistance?

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no

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increased exposure to antibiotics provides additional ___________ ___________ for the rise and spread of resistance

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selective pressure

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these are completely unaffected by antibiotics

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viruses

Front 74

what are targets of antiviral medications?

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polymerases encoded by the virus and viral proteins

Front 75

Target of HIV include what?

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entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, assembly and release, and nucleic acid synthesis