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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?
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- concentration needed for drug to be effective
- also a chance of resistance if concentration falls below the MIC |
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What is a superinfection?
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A disruption of normal flora that causes opportunistic organisms to grow.
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What are the Folate antagonists?
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- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim - CoTrimoxazole |
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How do Sulfonamides work?
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They are folate antagonists, preventing the synthesis of bacterial folic acid.
- bacteriostatic |
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What is the antibacterial spectrum for Sulfonamides?
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- Chlamydia
- Toxoplasmosis - E. Coli - Pneumocystis |
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What are the most important side effects of Sulfonamides?
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- nephrotoxicity
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
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For what patients are Sulfonamides contraindicated?
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- newborns
- pregnant pts - lactating pts |
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Sulfonamides can be used to treat what other non-bacterial condition?
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Inflammatory bowel syndrome
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What types of conditions can Trimethoprim treat?
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- gram neg UTIs and prostasis
- Pneumocystis carinii (PCP) in AIDS patients - gram neg sepsis - gram neg respiratory tract infections |
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What is the premier treatment for Pneumocystis carinii (PCP) in AIDS patients?
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Trimethoprim
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What is CoTrimoxazole?
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combination of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide)
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What is CoTrimoxazole used to treat?
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- PCP in AIDS patients
- respiratory infections - GI infections (E. Coli, Salmonella, Shigella, etc) - Prostatic and urinary - Genital (gonorrhoeae) |
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What are some side effects of CoTrimoxazole?
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- glossitis
- stomatitis |
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What antibiotics are cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
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- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins - Vancomycin - Bacitracin |
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What are some common characteristics of Penicillins?
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- bacteriocidal
- useful against gram pos - non-toxic |
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What bacterial factors aid in penicillin resistance?
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- Beta-lactamase
- bacteria w/o peptidoglycan cell wall |
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What agent increases penicillin duration?
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Probenecid
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What are some side effects of Penicillin?
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- hypersensitivity
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
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What is the bacterial spectrum of Penicillin G?
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effective against: Staph, Strep, Listeria, Neisseria, Syphilis
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What are the disadvantages of prescribing Penicillin G?
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- short duration
- sensitive to Beta-lactamase - not effective against gram neg |
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What are the antistaphylococcal penicillins?
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- Cloxacillin
- Nafcillin - Dicloxacillin - Oxacillin - Mehicillin |
remember mneumonic: CoNDOM
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What are the antipseudomonal penicillins?
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- Piperacillin
- Carbenicillin |
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What is the bacterial spectrum of antipseudomonal penicillins?
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- effective against gram neg
- H. influenza - E. Coli - Pseudomonas - Proteus |
remember mneumonic: HEPP
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What are the extended spectrum penicillins?
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- Ampicillin
- Amoxicillin |
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What makes extended spectrum penicillins different from many other penicillins?
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More effective against gram neg.
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What is the bacterial spectrum of extended spectrum penicillins?
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- H. Influenza
- E. Coli - Listeria - Proteus |
remember mneumonic: HELP
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What are Beta-Lactamase inhibitors?
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Agents that can be used with cell wall synthesis inhibitors against organisms that contain the enzyme beta-lactamase which breaks down the drug.
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Name the Beta-Lactamase inhibitors.
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- Clavulanic acid
- Sulbactam - Tazobactam |
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What is MRSA?
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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How is MRSA treated?
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Vancomycin
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What is the bacterial spectrum of Cephalosporins?
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- H. Influenza
- Enterobacter - Neisseria - Pseudomonas - Proteus - E. Coli - Klebsilla - Strep and Staph - Moraxella - Serratia |
remember mneumonic: HENPEcK
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What are some characteristics of first generation Cephalosporins?
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- gram pos
- anaerobes - PEcK - most start with 'Ceph' |
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What are some characteristics of second generation Cephalosporins?
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- better action against gram neg
- active against HENPEcK - start with 'Cef' |
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What are some characteristics of third generation Cephalosporins?
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- greater action against gram neg
- most start with 'Ceft' |
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What is a fourth generation Cephalosporin?
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Cefepime
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What is the only route of administration for fourth generation cephalosporins (Cefepime)?
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Parenterally
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What are the broadest spectrum Beta-Lactam antibiotics currently available?
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Carbapenems
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What are the Carbapenems?
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- Imipenem
- Cilastatin |
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What is the bacterial spectrum of Monobactam?
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Only effective against gram neg rods.
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What is the only drug used to treat MRSA and MRSE?
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Vancomycin
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What is a side effect of Vancomycin?
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Red man syndrome (flushing due to histamine release)
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What is the most popular ocular ointment?
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Bacitracin
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What is Bacitracin used to treat?
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Mostly gram pos lid/lash infections
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What are some characteristics of Tetracyclines?
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- bind to 30S or 50S subunit
- bacteriostatic - decreased absorption when taken with dairy - concentrate in fetal bone and dentition - all end in 'cycline' |
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Which antibiotic is the number one cause of increased intra-cranial pressure?
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Tetracyclines
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What are the side effects of Tetracyclines?
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- deposition in bones
- yellowing of teeth - hepatotoxicity - pseudotumor cerebri (increased ICP) - Candida superinfections |
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Who should NOT take tetracyclines?
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- children under 8 y/o
- pregnant - breastfeeding |
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Which tetracycline penetrates the CNS?
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Minocycline
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What are the general characteristics of Aminoglycosides?
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- bind ONLY to 30S subunit
- effective against gram neg enteric bacteria |
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Aminoglycosides are synergistic with which other drugs?
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Beta-Lactams
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What are some side effects of Aminoglycosides?
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- ototoxicity
- neprhotoxicity - paralysis (neuromuscular blockade) |
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Gentamycin (aminoglycoside) can be used to treat which conditions/patients?
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- gram neg>gram pos
- sepsis - immunocompromised patients |
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What is Tobradex?
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Combination of Tobramycin (aminoglycoside) and steroid.
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What drugs can be used to treat Legionaire's disease?
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Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin)
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What are the general characteristics of Macrolides?
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- bind to 50s subunit
- bacteriostatic (cidal at high doses) - no CSF penetration - end in -thromycin |
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What drug should be used to treat chlamydia in pregnant patients?
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Erythromycin
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Who should not be treated with macrolides?
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patients with hepatic dysfunction
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What are some side effects of Macrolides?
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- GI disturbances
- ototoxicity - hepatic failure |
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What are some general characteristics of Chloramphemnicol?
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- bind to 50s subunit
- bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal - effective against gram neg and gram pos - able to enter CNS |
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What are some side effects of Chloramphemnicol?
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- hemolytic and aplastic anemia
- gray baby syndrome |
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What are some general characteristics of Clindamycin?
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- binds to 50s subunit
- does NOT enter CNS |
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Which antibiotic can lead to overgrowth of Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous colitis)?
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Clindamycin
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How is Clostridium dificile (pseudomembranous colitis) treated?
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Vancomycin or Metronidazole
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How do Fluoroquinolones (end in -acin) and Quinolones work?
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Inhibit DNA gyrase, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis
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What are the actions of Fluoroquinolones?
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Bacteriocidal against gram neg
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What is a side effect of Fluoroquinolones?
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Phototoxicity
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Who should not take fluoroquinolones?
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- pregnant
- nursing - under 18 y/o |
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What is an example of a quinolone?
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Nalidixic acid
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Which UTI antiseptic can cause nystagmus?
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Nitrofurantoin
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Which antiseptic is used in chronic suppression of lower UTI?
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Methenamine
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Which antibiotic can be used to detox alcoholics?
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Metronidazole
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