Antimicrobial Drugs

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Cell Wall Synthesis (peptidoglycan)

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B-lactam drugs
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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Penicillins

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A family of drugs that are bactericidal against a variety of bacteria. Inhibits penicillin-binding proteins. Resistance is due to sythesis of B-lactamases, decreased affinity of penicillin-binding proteins, or decreased uptake.

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Cephalosporins

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A family of antibacterial medications. The later generations are generally more effective against Gram-negative bacteria and less susceptible to destruction by B-lactamases.

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Carbapenems

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Resistant to inactivation by B-lactamases. Imipenem must be given in combination with a drug that inhibits certain kidney enzymes in order to avoid its inactivation.

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Vancomycin

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Bactericidal against Gram positive bacteria; binds to the peptide side chain of N-acetylmuramic acid. Used to treat serious systemic infections and antibiotic-associated colitis. In enterococci, resistance is due to a plasmid-encoded altered target.

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Bacitracin

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Bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria; interferes with the transport of peptidoglycan precursosrs, Common ingredient in non-prescription antibiotic ointments.

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Protein Synthesis

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Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenical
Lincosamides
Oxazolidinones
Streptogramins

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Aminoglycosides

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Bactericidal against aerobic and facultative bacteria; binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit, blocking the intiation of translation and causing the misreading of mRNA. Toxicity limits the use.

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Tetracyclines

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Bacteriostatic against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria; binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit.blocking the attachment of tRNA.

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Macrolides

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Bacteriostatic against many gram positive bacteria as well as the most common causes of atypical pneumonia; binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing continuation of the protein sythesis

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Lincosamides

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bacteriostatic against a variety of gram pos and gram neg bacteria

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Streptogramins

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A synergistic combination of two drugs that bind to two different sites on the ribosomal subunit 50S.

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Nucleic Acid Synthesis

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Fluoroquinolones
Ciproflozacin, moxifloxacin
rifamycins
rifampin

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Nucleic Acid Synthesis

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Bactericidals against gram pos and gram neg bacteria

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Folate Biosythesis-Metabolic Pathways

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Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

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Metabolic Pathway/Folate Biosynthesis

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Sulfonamide is a bacteriostatic against a variety of gram pos and gram neg bacteria
Trimethoprim-often used in combo with a sulfa drug for a synergistic effect.

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Cell Membrane Integrity

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Polymyxin B-topical gram neg
Daptomycin-gram pos
both bactericidals

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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ethambutol
isoniazid
both inhibit cell wall components
Pyrazinamide-mech unknown

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Fungal cell wall is made of ...

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Chitin

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Fusion inhibitors used for HIV tx target which molecule in the virus envelope?

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gp41

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Most common side effect of HAART is

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lipodistrophy

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HAART

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refers to Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy.

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Treatment for HIV result in remarkable reduction in mortality by

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inhibition of HIV virus lytic cycle

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Which receptors are used by HIV to enter the host cell

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CCR5 and CD4

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________is the hallmark of all retrovirus'

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Reverse transcriptase

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HIV viruses infect preferentially _____ cells

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CD4

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______ Viral hepatitis produce chronic carriers

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Hep B and Hep C

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______ are acute viral hepatitis infections

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Hep A and Hep E

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The main feature associated with Hepatitis is_______

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Jaundice

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The main mode of transmission of Rhinovirus is____________

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Respiratory droplets and fomites

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The main mode of transmission of Rotavirus is_______

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Oral/Fecal contamination

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Influenza viruses replicate in a specific organelle in the host cell, which is the

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Nucleus

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The main mechanism of influenza genome recombination is called_________

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Antigenic shift

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The most important feature of influenza viruses that contribut to pandemic

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is the segmented genome

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Influenza viruses can cause 2 distinct diseases, those are

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Pandemic and seasonal flu.

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The most common sexually transmitted disease is

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genital warts

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Papilloma viruses infect primarily which cell type?

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Epithelial cells

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The strains of HPV associated with cardcinoma of cervix and penis are

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HPV 16 and 18

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The most serious complication of EBV infection in immunocompetent individuals is

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Spleen rupture due to contact sports

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Transmission of EBV happens preferentially through

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Saliva

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Which type of EBV virus infect preferentially?

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B cells

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What virus is listed as the most common cause of congenital abnormalities in US

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CMV

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Varicella lisogenic cycle usually happens in

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Dorsal ganglia or sacral ganglia

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The main mode of transmission of varicella is

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respiratory droplets

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Which group of risk can develop Encephalitis due to HSV infection?

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Newborns and immunosupressed individuals

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Herpes Simplex Virus/HSV does not integrate into the host chromosome

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yes

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HSV 2 lisogenic cycle usually happens in the _____

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trigeminal ganglia

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All herpes viruses can induce the formation of microscopic lesions called

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Multinucleated cells.

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What is the common clinical manifestation of HSV 1 and 2 and Varicella

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Vesicular rash

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What is the basic organization of HSV1 virus

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Enveloped DNA genome virus

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Which members of the Herpes virus family perform lisogenic cycle in neuronal cells

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HSV1 and 2 and Varicella

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What are members of the Herpes viruses family that are of medical importance

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HSV 1 and 2, EBV, Varicella, CMV and HSV-8

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 are noted for their ability to cause what type of infection?

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Persistent latent

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Are gram negs or gram pos' bacteria more likely to develop resistance due to plasmid transfer?

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Gram neg

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Where ther is more chances of acquiring bacterial infection with resitance?

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Hospital

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N. Gonorrheas that produce beta lactamases cannot be treated with

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Penicillin G

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What does the term High Level or complete antimicrobial resistance mean?

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Reistance that cannot be overcome by increasing the dose of the antibiotic

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Most drug resistance in bacteria is acquired due to

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Mutation or the acquistion o plasmid or transposon