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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
specific
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Specific immune response involves production of _________ antibodies (Ab) against specific antigens (Ag).
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2 weeks
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How long does it take for a vaccine to make the body immune?
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immunogen
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An ___________ is any substance that when introduced into the body STIMULATES the production of specific antibodies.
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antigen
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An _________ is any substance that COMBINES with those specific antibodies.
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antigen
immunogen |
The term antigen is often used to mean both an _______ and and an _________.
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antigen/immunogen
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characteristics: Foreign/non-self matter
e.g. microorganisms, toxins, foreign tissues chemically: complex molecules eg. protein or polysaccharide |
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Hapten/Partial antigen
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Has reactivity (combines with specific antibodies) withouth immunogenicity (stimulating production of specific antibodies) unless bound to a carrier.
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Antigenic Determinant/Epitope
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Antibodies are not formed against a whole organism but specific regions or chemical groups.
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Nature of antibodies/immunoglobulins
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A protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to an immunogen/antigen and is capable of combining with that antigen.
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Gamma globulins
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part of nature of antibodies/immunoglobulins
From separation of blood proteins by electrophoresis. part of artificial acquired passive immunity |
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Antibody structure
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2 heavy chains
2 light chains Heavy and light both have "C" and "V" portions. Fab portion Fc portion |
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V portion
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is different for each kind of Ab and gives the Ab its specificity. Ag binding occurs here.
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C portion
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Constant for each class of Ab.
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Fab
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Antigen binding fragment
the 2 arms |
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Fc
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Crystallizable fragment
The "trunk" of the antibody. Contains the complement binding site. |
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IgG
IgM IgA IgD IgE |
What are the classes of antibodies?
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IgG
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Monomer of serum antibodies
most abundant in serum antibodies can cross the placenta: protect fetus and newborn. fixes complement Enhance phagocytosis neutralize toxin and viruses |
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IgM
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Pentamer of serum antibodies
Fixes complement in the blood, lymph, on B cells. Agglutinates microbes First Ab produced in response to infection. |
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IgA
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Dimer of serum antibodies
Main Ab in mucus secretions (which is the 1st line of defense), and breast milk. Mucosal protection. |
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IgD
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Monomer of serum antibodies
In blood and lymph Receptor on B cells. |
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IgE
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Monomer of serum antibodies
On mast cells and basophils, in blood. Allergic reactions Lysis of parasitic worms These do more harm than good |
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Clonal Selection
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Antibody Response (B cells)
1' Response 2'Response/Anamnestic Response |
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1' Response
antibody response (B cells) |
Contact with Ag for the first time.
1. Plasma cells -> Antibodies 2. Memory cells are formed to that specific immunogen |
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2'Response/Anamnestic Response
antibody response (B cells) |
Memory cell activated -> Plasma cells -> Abs formed quickly and in large numbers.
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Specific host defenses
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What is a 3rd line of defense?
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Cell-mediated immunity
Dendritic cells |
Involves interaction of macrophages and specific T lymphocytes (T-cells)
Pathogens entering the G.I. or respiratory tract pass through: peyers patches which contain antibody and ________ ______. |
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Dendritic cells
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act as antigen-presenting cells.
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effector
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T cells differentiate into _________ T cells when stimulated by an Ag. Some _________ T cells become memory cells.
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superantigens
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__________ can bypass the specificity of the cells.
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CD4
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cells infected by HIV
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Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells Suppressor T cells Delayed Hypersensitivtiy T cells |
What are the 4 different kinds of T cells?
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Helper T cells
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CD4, Th
generals gas pedal |
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Cytotoxic T cells
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CD8, Tc
Destroy target cells with perforin. |
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Suppressor T cells
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Ts
Turns off immune response when Ag is no longer present. brake pedal |
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Th1
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Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity
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Th2
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Activate B cells to IgM and IgE.
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Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells
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Td
memory cells Associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test. look for cancer cells. |
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Activated macrophages
Natural killer cells T-dependent antigens T-independent antigens Antibody-dependent Cell mediated cytotoxicity |
What are the nonspecific cells associated with specific host defenses?
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Activated macrophages
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Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Ag or by cytokines.
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Natural killer cells
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Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, and tumors. (nonspecific)
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T-dependent antigens
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The B cells response is dependent on T cells before they can be activated.
Certain B cells can only interact when binding with T cells. |
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T-independent antigens
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It has to bind to a certain amount of epitopes on B cells before it can be activated.
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Self-tolerance
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The immune system DOES NOT normally attack self tissues or compounds.
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Clonal deletion
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During embryonic development lymphocytes with antigen receptors for molecules present in the body are destroyed.
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Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
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What is another word for Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (HLA)?
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Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
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Glycoproteins in plasma membrane that enable the immune system to distinguish self from nonself.
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Class I MHC
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On all nucleated cells.
All cells have a marker that lets your body know that it is part of self. |
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Class II MHC
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On macrophages and B cells.
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Agglutination
Opsonization Neutralization Activation of complement Inflammation Antibody-dependent |
What are the results of Ag-Ab binding?
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