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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three antibiotics related to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis?
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Penicillin cephalosporin and polypeptide antibiotics
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What is penicillin effective against?
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gram (+) bacterial cells.
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What are the antibiotics that are derivatives of penicillin?
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Amoxacillin
oxacillin menthicillin ampacillin |
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What feature does penicillin have?
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B-lactamase ring
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What are the two main forms of penicillin?
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Penicillin G which can be injected and penicillin V which can be taken orally
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What is important about amoxacillin?
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extended spectrum antibiotic, is effective against gram - and +. Is still susceptible to b-lactamase.
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what are the features of menthicillin?
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It is not used in the United States anymore because there is more than a 20% resistance to it. MRSA. It is b-lactamse resistant.
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What are the features of potassium clavulanate?
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a natural micriobial inhibito of b-lactamse. It is often combined with amoxacillin
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What are the features of the cepholasporins?
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They are from the cepholasporin spp. family, they are similar to penicillins in structure, they are resistant to b-lactamse, but are susceptible to some cepholasporinases, and they are more broad than penicillins.
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What are the polypeptide antibiotics?
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bacitracin and vancomysin
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what are the feature of bacitracin?
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effective primarily against gram (+), devired from bacillus spp. used for cuts and abrasions, natural microbial polypeptide
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what are the features of vancomysin?
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It is an antibiotic used against MRSA infection. Very narrow spectrum. devrived from streptomyces spp. natural polypeptide.
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What are the antimycobacterials?
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Isoniazid
Ethambutol |
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What are the features of isoniazid?
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A fully synthetic drugs that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, allowing the antibiotic to penetrate the cell with MACs
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What are the features of ethambutol?
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a synthetic drug that prohibits the insertion of mycolic acid into the cell wall. Used in conjunction with isoniazid to reduce chances of resistance.
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What are the protein synthesis inhibitors (translation inhibitors)?
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chloramphenicol
aminoglycides tetracyclines macrolides streptogramins oxazolidinones |
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What are the features of chloramphenicol?
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a broad spectrum antibiotic.
all synthetically made very cheap to produce naturally produced by streptomyces spp. highly toxic to host cell-suppression of bone marrow activity-immune response |
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What are the aminoglycosides?
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streptomycin
gentamicin |
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What are the features of streptomysin?
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Important in the fight against TB
highly toxic-hearing loss, kidney damage rapid development of resistance |
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What is the feature of gentimicin?
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it is important against pseudomonas infections
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What are the features of the tetracyclines?
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broad spectrum translation inhibitor
produced by streptomyces spp. helps against gram (-) and (+) also the rickettsias and the chlmydias. highly destructive against normal flora, which can lead to superinfections, mainly candida albicans (yeats infection) |
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What are the different macrolides?
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Erythoromycin
Azithromycin |
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What are the features of erythromycin?
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gets trapped in the LPS of gram (-)
only effective against gram (+) bacteria can be a alternative for penicillin |
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what are the features of azithromycin?
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broader activiyt spectrum than erythromycin
important for fighting STDS costly |
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what are the features of the streptogramins?
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semisynthetic
developed in response to Vancomysin resistant gram (+)-strep, staph, enterics costly high toxicity |
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What are the features of the oxalidinones?
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developed in response to VRE and MRSA
only effective against gram (+) totally synthetic (slower resistance) |
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What antibiotic disrupt the plasma membrane?
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bacitracin
polymyxn B neomycin |
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what are the features of bactiracin, polymyxin and neomycin?
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They are often over the counter
are found in ointments polymyxin b is specifically for gram (-) like pseudomonas aeruginosa bacitracin is effective against gram (+) neomycin is broad spectrum with high toxicity |
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What antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids?
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Rifamycins
Fluoroquinolones |
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what are the features of rifamycins?
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they inhibit transcription
most important for helping with mycobacterium tb structually similar to macrolides penetrate host cells well semi synthetic commonly used by HIV/AIDS patients. |
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What are the features of the fluoroquinolones?
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ciproflaxin-which is best against gram (-)
broad spectrum cipro helps with: UTIS anthrax enterics lower respiratory tract infections |
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What are the antibiotics that inhibit metabolite synthesis?
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sulfanamides (sulfa drugs)
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what do the fungal drugs target?
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fungal sterols
fungal cell walls |
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what is only found in fungi?
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ergosterols
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what are the antifungal drugs?
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polyenes
allylamines azoles |
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What are the features of polyenes?
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it binds to ergosterol and causes cell well permeability
ex) amphotericin B effective against systemic mycoses infections |
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what are the features of azoles and allylamines?
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synthetic drugs
inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis ex) myconazole-used to fight cutaneous mycoses infections (topical) |
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what drugs target fungal cell walls?
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Echinocandins-which
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What are the targets for antiviral drugs?
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attatchment
penetration uncoating DNA/RNA syntheis maturation |
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What are the HIV/AIDS drugs?
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reverse transcriptase inhibitors
protease inhibitors |
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What are the features of the HIV/AIDS drugs?
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Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors- inhibitos reverse transcriptase which is required for antriviruses to reproduce
protease inhibitors-inhibit protease to make new HIV proteins |
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What drugs are used for influenza?
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amantadine
rimantadine These inhibit uncoating...because of resistance these were not used during the 2006-2007 flu season. Zanamivir(relenza) oseltamivir(tamaflu) inhibits neuraminidase which is essential for virions release from a cell. |
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What are the interferon based drugs?
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interferon-a-used to combat viral hepatitis
imiquimod-a drug that that stimulates the production of interferons |
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explain abx resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa
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some strains are CIPr
some are IPMr-when it has a decreased expression of OprD, which is the only way impenin can get into the cell |
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What is transformation?
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when naked DNA is shared between to bacterial cells
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What is transduction?
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When one phage connects to a bacterial cell, takes some of its DNA and then goes onto another bacterial cell and shares it
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what is conjugation?
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when DNA is shared via a sex pilus.
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