Antibiotics

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Red or Reddish-orange body fluids

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Rifampin

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Induces most cytochrome P450 isotypes

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Rifampin

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Inhibitors of DNA gyrase

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fluoroquinolones

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Inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase

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Trimethoprim
Pyrimethamine

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Disrupts cell membranes in the absence of cell growth

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Polymixin B

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Polymyxin B

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disrupts cell membranes
Used for severe G- infections
Primary use is topical antibacterial.

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Rifampin

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Inhibitor of bacterial DNA dependant RNA polymerase
Rapid resistance
Induces most cytochrome P450 isotopes
Speeds up kidney processes
Red/orange body fluids

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Moxifloxacin

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Fluoroquinolone- Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
Metabolized in the liver.
Not for children or pregnant women, or folks with bad hearts

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Ciprofloxacin

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Fluoroquinolone- Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
Excellent G- activity, with some G+.

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Norfloxacin

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Fluoroquinolone- Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
Rather limited use.

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Levofloxacin

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Fluoroquinolone- Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

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Gemifloxacin

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Fluoroquinolone- Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

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Rifamycin

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Inhibitor of bacterial DNA dependant RNA polymerase
Rapid resistance
Induces most cytochrome P450 isotopes
Speeds up kidney processes
Red/orange body fluids

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Rifabutin

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Inhibitor of bacterial DNA dependant RNA polymerase
Rapid resistance
Less potent cytochrome P450 isotope inducer than Rifampin
Speeds up kidney processes
Red/orange body fluids

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Rifapentine

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Inhibitor of bacterial DNA dependant RNA polymerase
Rapid resistance
Induces most cytochrome P450 isotopes
Speeds up kidney processes
Red/orange body fluids
Longer 1/2 life than Rifampin

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Sulfonamides

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Nucleic Acid Synthesis inhibitors.
analogs of PABA and act as competitive inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Broad spectrum bacteriostatic agents.

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Sulfamethoxazole

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Good for systemic use: short and intermediate acting

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Sulfisoxazole

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Good for systemic use: short and intermediate acting

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Sulfadoxine

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Extra long acting.
Used in combo with pyrimethamine for prophylaxis of Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria.

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Silver sulfadiazine

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Employed for topical use: burns

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Sulfasalazine

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Used for ulcerative colitis.

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Sulfacetamide

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Used for opthalmic infections

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Dapsone

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Inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase.
Used primarily for treatment of leprosy.

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Trimethoprim

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Competitive inhibitor of dyhydrofolate reductase.
Useful in bacteria.
Combined with sulfamethoxazole for synergistic inhibition.
Resistance attained by altering dihydrofolate reductase

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Pyrimethamine

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Competitive inhibitor of dyhydrofolate reductase.
Useful in malaria.
Combined with sulfamethoxazole for synergistic inhibition.
Resistance attained by altering dihydrofolate reductase

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Metronidazole

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anaerobic or micro-aerophilic organisms.
Acts as electron sink, inhibits reduction of NAD+ to NADH (needed in fermentation)
Disulfiram-like effects

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Daptomycin

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Inhibitor of membrane depolarization.
Cyclic lipopeptide, binds to bacterial plasma membrane, releasing intracellular ions.

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Polymyxin B

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activity restricted to Gram-.
Disrupts cell membranes

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Cycloserine

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Competitive inhibitor of enzymes responsible for dipeptide formation (D-alanyl-D-alanine)

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Vancomycin

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Binds to D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the cell wall precursor unit, preventing peptidoglycan synthesis.
Inhibits the polymerization of the transglycosylase reaction.

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Bacitracin

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prevents the dephosphorylation of the bactoprenol carrier (peptidoglycan synthesis)

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Beta-lactam antibiotics

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Bind to Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs), which are transpeptidases and other enzymes that catalyze some of the terminal reactions in bacterial cell wall synthesis.

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Beta-lactam antibiotics

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Primary mechanism is to inhibit cross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidase.

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Clavulanic Acid

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Beta lactamase (or penicillinase) inhibitor
Combined with a penicillin

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Tazobactam

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Penicillinase inhibitor (alternative to clavulanic acid)

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Sulbactam

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Penicillinase inhibitor (alternative to clavulanic acid)

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Penicillin resistance

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Beta-lactamases
MRSA has altered Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs)

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Natural Penicillins

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Penicillin G
Penicillin V

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Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins (aka antistaphylococcal)

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Dicloxacillin
Oxacillin
Nafcillin
Methicillin

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Aminopenicillins

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Ampicillin
Amoxicillin

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Antipseudomonal Penicillins

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Ticarcillin
Piperacillin

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Penicillin G

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Natural penicillin
Highly active against Gram+ cocci.
Penicillinase sensitive

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Penicillin V

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Natural penicillin
Highly active against Gram+ cocci.
Penicillinase sensitive
Good oral absorption