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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe primary (intrinsic) drug resistance and secondary (acquired) drug resistance |
Primary resistance - if the organisms are naturally resistant to drugs Secondary resistance - if naturally-sensitive microorganisms become resistant after exposure to the drug |
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What are the 4 resistance mechanism? Give them and describe and give example |
• Drug inactivating enzyme • Altered drug targets • Barrier to entry - loss of porins • Drug efflux - actively pumps out organism out of cell |
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What is gene? |
the basic unit of heredity made up of DNA; usually specified production of an enzyme or structural protein |
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Why is genetic important? |
Allows antimicrobial resistance ti be studied and the information can be used to develop more effective drugs |
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Describe ways microbes can develop resistance: |
• Chromosomal mutation - Point mutations - Frameshift mutation • By regulating gene expression (switching genes on/off) • Horizontal Gene Transfer |
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Plasmid are essential for: |
• antibiotic resistance • virulence factors • heavy metal resistance • toxins or antimicrobial proteins • surface structures
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What is horizontal (lateral) gene transfer? |
“Theprocess by which an organism incorporates genetic material from anotherorganism [the donor] without being the offspring of the donor organism” |
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What are the 3 mechanism of HGT between species? |
Transduction (virus-mediated) (RARE!)
- Only virus can conduct transduction Transformation (uptake of free DNA) - If the DNA is compatible then it will take up Conjugation (cell-to-cell DNA transfer) - Cell will cross-over |
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What are the two types of phage? |
Lytic (virulent) - Always results in host cell lysis (death) and release of virus particles - Always kill the cell Temperate - May either lyse or lysogenise host cell - lysogeny-integration of phage genome into bacterial chromosome - lysogenic phage can become lytic at any time! |
