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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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antimicrobial resistance |
ability of microbes to grow in presence of chemical (drug) that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth |
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how to measure antibiotic resistance |
zone of inhibition minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
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mechanism of beta-lactam resistance |
ex. MRSA encodes PBP2a, which has no beta-lactam binding site |
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mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance |
reduced uptake elevated efflux ribosome modification aminoglycoside modifying enzymes |
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quinolone resistance mechanism |
reduced membrane permeability efflux pump mutations in ParA/ParB (topoisomerase IV) mutations in gyrA/gyrB subunits (DNA gyrase) |
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problem bugs according to CDC |
urgent threats serious threats concerning threats |
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threats to human health |
antibiotic resistance is increasing-->leads to more deaths |
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post antibiotic world |
bacterial meningitis = lethal TB = incurable surgery = too risky immunocompromised = death |
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who is most at risk |
chemotherapy patients dialysis patients surgery organ/bone marrow transplant |
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problem bugs (from the CDC) |
CRE VRE gonorrhea MRSA TB multidrug resistant psuedomonas aeruginosa |
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origins of antibiotic resistance |
antibiotic resistance is ancient bacteria have been exposed to natural antibiotics for millions of years |
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how antibiotic resistance happens |
1. lots of germs, a few are resistant 2. antibiotics kill infecting bacteria but also good bacteria protecting the body 3. resistant bacteria able to take over 4. some bacteria give their drug-resistance to other bacteria |
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contributers to antibiotic resistance |
overprescription of antibiotics bacteria exchange resistance genes (horizontal gene exchange) |
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horizontal gene exchange |
transformation, transduction, conjugation |
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resistance evolves from scratch |
development of resistance requires only one mutation |
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MIC |
minimum amount of antimicrobial required to inhibit growth of microorganism used to determine resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics helps determine type and amount of antibiotic a patient will receive |
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zone of inhibition |
area with no bacterial growth on an antimicrobial-impregrated plate |
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subtherapeutic |
administered at lower levels than would be in actual treatment of the disease |
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reducing antibiotic resistance |
taking antibiotics when not required reduces its effectiveness antibiotics should only be used to treat an infection |
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antibiotics and farming |
80% of antibiotics go into farming, which increases antibiotic resistance |
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4 core ways to reduce antibiotic resistance |
1. prevent infections = prevent amount of antibiotics needed to be prescribed 2. tracking antibiotic resistance 3. prevent unnecessary antibiotic use 4. develop new drugs |
