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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?
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causes reversible inhibition of growth
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What is a bactericidal antibiotic?
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causes irreversible inhibition of growth
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Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking glycopeptide polymerization through binding to the D-alany-D-alanine peptidoglycan (cell wall) precursor?
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vancomycin
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Vancomycin resistant bacteria change the D-ala-D-ala terminus to what?
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D-ala-D-lactate (vancomycin resistant)
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Vancomycin treats:
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infections due to MRSA
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Oral vancomycin can treat C. diff because
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it is NOT absorbed into systemic circulation, but stays in the G.I. track
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Red man syndrome (hyperemia), ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hypotension, hypersensitivity are side effects of what antibiotic?
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vancomycin
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This antibiotic inhibits the dephosphorylation of the lipid-PP carrier to lipid-P, that is required in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall
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Bacitracin
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Sulfonamide antibiotics antagonize what?
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Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
-enzyme that is the first step in tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis |
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Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial synthesis of what?
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folic acid
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What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?
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causes reversible inhibition of growth
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What is a bactericidal antibiotic?
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causes irreversible inhibition of growth
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Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking glycopeptide polymerization through binding to the D-alany-D-alanine peptidoglycan (cell wall) precursor?
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vancomycin
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Vancomycin resistant bacteria change the D-ala-D-ala terminus to what?
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D-ala-D-lactate (vancomycin resistant)
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Vancomycin treats:
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infections due to MRSA
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Oral vancomycin can treat C. diff because
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it is NOT absorbed into systemic circulation, but stays in the G.I. track
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Red man syndrome (hyperemia), ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hypotension, hypersensitivity are side effects of what antibiotic?
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vancomycin
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This antibiotic inhibits the dephosphorylation of the lipid-PP carrier to lipid-P, that is required in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall
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Bacitracin
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Sulfonamide antibiotics antagonize what?
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Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), dihydropteroic acid synthase
-enzyme that is the first step in tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis |
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Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial synthesis of what?
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folic acid
humans lack dihydropteroic acid synthase, thus humans unaffected |
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Sulfonamides are bacteri__
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bacteriostatic
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Sulfonamides are contraindicated in neonates because
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they displace bilirubin from albumin causing kernicterus in neonates
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Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfacetamide Sulfisoxazole |
Examples of sulfonamides
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MOA of trimethoprim?
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competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolic acid reductase
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Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim combo used to treat___
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urinary tract infections caused by E. coli
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MOA of fluoroquinilone?
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inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
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Fluoroquinilones are contraindicated in children because___
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deleterious effects on cartilage development causing tendonitis and potentially tendon rupture
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Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin Moxifloxacin |
Examples of fluoroquinilones
-inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase |
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Penicillins
cephalosporins carbapenems monobactams |
All types of beta-lactam antibiotics
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MOA of beta lactams
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bind to and incativate transpeptidase, inhibiting reactions necessary to cross link peptidoglycan subunits
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Which beta-lactam antibiotic are resistant to beta lactamase?
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monobactams (aztreonam G- rods)
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Beta lactamase inhibitors that can be used in combo with penicillins:
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clavulanate
sulbactam tazobactam |
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An adverse effect of penicillin antibiotics with eosinophils on urinalysis
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acute interstitial nephritis
-common with methicillin |
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Pencillin
Beta lactamase resistant Narrow spectrum |
Methicilin
Nafcilin dicloxacillin |
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Penicillin
Beta lactamase susceptible Broad spectrum |
Amoxicillin
ampicillin piperacillin ticarcillin |
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Mechanism of MRSA
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produce an alternative PBP 2a
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Broadest spectrum cephalosporin and resistant to beta lactmase
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cefepime (4th generation)
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Cephalosporins are NOT effective in what infections?
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enterococcal
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Imipenem
meropenem ertapenem |
examples of carbapenem beta lactams
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What must you give with imipenem to inhibit renal dihydropeptidases and the formation of toxic seizure inducing metabloites?
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cilastatin
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Ertapenem does NOT cover what organisms that imipenem does?
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enterococcus and pseudomonal species are not covered by ertapenem
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MOA of aminoglycosides
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bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevent formation of INITIATION COMPLEX inhibiting protein synthesis
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Gentamicin
tobramycin streptomycin neomycin amikacin |
examples of aminoglycosides
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Streptomycin (an aminoglycoside that bind to the 30S subunit and prevents the initiation complex) is used to treat___
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tuberculosis infection
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Adverse side effects of aminoglycosides:
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nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (HIGH frequency), neuromucular blockade
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Drugs can become resistant to aminoglycosides by_
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conjugation reactions (acetylation, adenylation, phosphorylation)
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MOA of clindomycin:
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binds to the 50S subunit and inhibits TRANSLOCATION of peptidyl-tRNA from acceptor to donor site, thus inhibiting protein synthesis
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Clindomycin spectrum:
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G+
anaerobes |
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Adverse effect of clindamycin and how do you treat it?
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Pseudomembranous colitis from C. diff
Rx-vancomycin |
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MOA of macrolide antibiotics
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binds to the 50S subunit and inhibits TRANSLOCATION of peptidyl-tRNA from acceptor to donor site
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Erythromycin
clarithromycin azithromycin telithromycin |
examples of macrolides
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This macrolide is free of drug-drug interactions.
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azithromycin
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This macrolide can cause hepatotoxicity and blurred vision.
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telithromycin
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This macrolide is safe during pregnancy.
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azithromycin
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I am a macrolide. If I am given to infants less than 6wks of age for pertussis I cause HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS.
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erythromycin
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MOA of tetracycline antibiotics
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bind to the 30S subunit and inhibit the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA, thus inhibiting protein synthesis
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tetracycline
minocycline doxycycline democycline |
examples of tetracycline antibiotics
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Democycline is used to treat what?
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SIADH
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Adverse effects of tetracycline antibiotics:
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, FANCONI syndrome, phototoxicity
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Tetracyclines are contraindicated in children because_
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they cause tooth enamel dysplasia (leading to permanent discoloration), decreased bone growth via chelation with calcium salts
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MOA of chloramphenicol
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binds to the 50S subunit and inhibits peptidyltransferase
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adverse effects of chloramphenicol
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Gray baby syndrome (hypotension and cyanosis), aplastic anemia, optic neuritis
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MOA of linezolid
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bind to the 50S and prevent formation of initiation complex
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Spectrum that linezolid covers:
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MRSA, VRSA and vancomycin resistant E. feacium and E. fecalis
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Bind to components of the cell membrane and cause RAPID INTRACELLULAR DEPOLARIZATION inhibiting DNA, RNA, and protein synth
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daptomycin
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The exact MOA of this antiTB drug is not know but it does LOWER the pH of the environment
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pyrazinamide
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