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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the different rationales for anti-infective drug use in the eye |
Therapeutic Prophylactic |
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What is a therapeutic reason for using an anti- infective drug? |
For the treatment of an existing infection e.g. corneal ulcer |
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What is a prophylactic reason for using an anti- infective drug? |
For the prevention of infection in a vulnerable individual, e.g. following a deep corneal abrasion, following ocular surgery. |
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What are the 3 classifications of medicine regulation? |
Pharmacy (P) Prescription only medicines (POM) General Sales List (GSL) |
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What is a Pharmacy (P) medicine? |
Sale/ supply by registered pharmacy by or under supervisor of a pharmacist. |
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What is a prescription only medicine (POM)? |
Sale/ supply by registered pharmacy as a Rx given by an appropriate practitioner. |
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What is a general sales list (GSL) medicine? |
Sale of medication through other retail outlets |
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Which medicines are registered optometrists allowed to supply? |
All GSL products All P medicines Provided it is in the course of your professional practise and in an EMERGENCY, may sell or supply these POMS; Eye drops that contain no more than 0.5% chloramphenicol Eye ointments that contain no more than 1.0% chloramphenicol Cyclopentolate hydrochloride Fusidic Acid Tropicamide These can also be sold by registered pharmacy on presentation of a signed order by a registered optometrist |
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What are the 7 ocular responses to infection? |
Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Keratitis Episcleritis Scleritis Uveitis Endophthalmitis |
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What are the three types of living organisms? |
Viruses Prokaryotes Eukaryotes |
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What is the one type of prokaryote? |
Bacteria |
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What is the four types of eukaryote? |
Fungi Protoctista Animalia Plantae |
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What are the three types of anti infective drug? |
Antibacterials Antivirals Antifungals |
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What are antibiotics? |
Chemical substances produced by, or derived from, a micro- organism which have the capacity, in dilute solution, to inhibit bacterial growth or destroy bacteria |
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What are antimicrobials? |
Any substances that have an inhibitory effect on micro- organisms |
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What is important in the action of an anti-infective drug? |
Needs to possess selective toxicity; toxic to cells of micro- organism, not toxic to host cells. Selectivity can be expressed as the Chemotherapeutic index. |
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What are the two types of sensitivity? |
Biochemical Distributional |
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What is biochemical selectivity? |
Based on differences between host cell and micro- organism |
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What is distributional selectivity? |
Micro- organism is exposed to a higher concentration of drug compared to the host. |
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What are two different types of choices made for anti- infective substances used? |
Presumptive Modified by the results of culture |
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What is a presumptive choice? |
Based on the likely identity of the micro- organism after observation of the signs and symptoms Start treatment and monitor infection Change treatment if necessary |
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What is choice modified by the results of culture? |
Sample of micro- organism collected Cultured Identified Specific antimicrobial agent selected and treatment commenced |
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What are the two classifications of antibacterial drugs? |
Bacteriostatic drugs Bacteriocidal drugs |
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What are bacteriostatic drugs? |
Slows down, or stops, the replication of bacteria |
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What are bacteriocidal drugs? |
Kill the bacteria |
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What are the two histological classifications of bacteria? |
By uptake and retention of gram’s stain ( a purple stain) Gram positive Gram negative |
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What is a gram positive stain? |
Retains gram’s stain following decolorisation and counterstaining Takes on a purple appearance |
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What is a gram negative stain? |
Looses gram’s stain following decolorisation and counterstaining Takes on colour of counterstain |
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What is the classification of bacteria by shape and aggregation pattern? |
Shape Spherical (cocci) Rod- shaped ( Bacilli) Spiral Further classification of cocci by aggregation form Long chains in one direction (Streptococci) Bunching together (Staphylococci) |
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What are the groups of antibacterial drugs? |
Chloramphenicol Fusidic Acid Tetracyclines Penicillins |
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What are the modes of action for antibacterial drugs? |
Antibacterial drugs work by one of four mechanisms? 1) inhibition of protein synthesis within bacterial cell 2) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis within bacterial cell 3) inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis 4) disruption of bacterial cell plasma membrane |
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What does bacterial protein synthesis involve? |
Bacterial protein synthesis involves the building of peptide chains from amino acids. Takes place within ribosome. Directed by messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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How do antibacterial drugs inhibit protein synthesis? |
Antibacterial drugs show selective toxicity for 30S and 70S ribosomal sub units This prevents assembly of new proteins that are essential for bacterial cell growth and replication. |
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Which drugs inhibit protein synthesis? |
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Fusidic acid Dibromopropamidine isetionate |
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