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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Play
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A framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actuons, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world
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Metacommunication
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Communication about the process of communication itself.
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Framing
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A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” of as “ordinary life.”
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Reflxivity
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Critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one’s own experience
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art
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Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation
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Myths
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Stories whose truths seems self-evident because they do such a good job of integrating personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way society, or the world in general, must operate.
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Orthodoxy
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“Correct doctrine”; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts.
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Ritual
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A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, , or the manipulation of objects; adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.
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Rite of Passage
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A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another
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Limimality
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The ambiguous transitional state in a ride of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions
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Communitas
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And unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage
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Orthopraxy
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“Correct practice”; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior
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Worldviews
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Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies
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Religion
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—“ Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses.”
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shaman
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A part-time religious practitioner who is believes to have the power to travel to or contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups.
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Priest
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A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group
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witchcraft
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The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware.
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magic
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A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes
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oracles
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Invisible forces to which people address question and whose responses they believe to be truthful.
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syncretism
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The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force.
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revitalization
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A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis.
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nativism
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A return of the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony.
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Cultural evolution
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Changes over time in learned beliefs and behaviors that shape human development and social life
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Social Organization
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The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members.
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Economic Anthropology
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The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living.
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Institutions
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Complex, variable, and enduring forms of culture practices that organize social life.
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Power
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Transformative capacity; the ability to transform a given situation
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Political Anthropology
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The study of social power in human society
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free angency
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The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance
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ideology
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A worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live.
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domination
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coercive rule
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Hegemony
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The persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the ruler’s priviledged position.
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biopower
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Forms of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself.
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Governmentality
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The art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state.
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Neoclassical Economic Theory
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A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, which particular attention to distribution.
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Capitalism
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An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the “market”; an entire way of life that grew in response to and in service of that market
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status
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A particular social position in a group
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gift exchanges
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Non capitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require a return gift.
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commodity exchanges
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Impersonal economic exchanges typical of the capitalist market in which goods are exchanged for cash and exchange partners need have nothing further to do with one another
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modes of exchange
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Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
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reciprocity
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The exchange of goods and services of equal value. Anthropologists distinguish three forms of reciprocity:
1. Generalized- in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified 2. Balanced- in which a return of equal value is experiences within a specified time limit 3. Negative- In which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing. |
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redistribution
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A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way as to provide for every group member
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market of exchange
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The exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried out by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism (the market)
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labor
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The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; from the point of view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always social labor.
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mode of production
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A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of toolds, skills, organization, and knowledge.
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Means of Production
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The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature
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Relations of Production
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The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production
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Classes
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Ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.
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Consumption
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The using up of material goods necessary for human survival
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relatedness
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The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways
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kinship systems
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Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal experiences of mating, birth and nurturance.
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marriage
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An institution that transforms the status of the participant, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.
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descent
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The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connects that define the social categories to which people belong.
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adoption
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Kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth
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sex
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Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction.
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gender
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The cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex.
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bi-lateral descent
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The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections make through their mothers and fathers equally (sometimes called cognatic descent)
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lineages
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The consanguinal members of descent groups who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors.
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patrilineage
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A social group formed by people connected by father-child links.
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matrilineage
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A social group formed by people connected by mother-child links.
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clan
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A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links
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segmentary opposition
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A mode of hierarchal social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchal level.
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bridewealth
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The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.
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affinity
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Connection through marriage
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collaterality
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A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminology in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are “off to one side.” Linked to the speaker by a lineal relative.
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bifurcation
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A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are “off to one side” linked to the speaker by a lineal relative.
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paralell cousins
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The children of a person’s parents’ same-gender siblings (a father’s brother’s children or a mother’s sister’s children
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cross cousins
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The children of a person’s parents’ opposite gender siblings (a father’s sister’s children or a mother’s brother’s children
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ascribed statuses
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Social positions people are assigned at birth.
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acheived statuses
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Social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own ) or other people’seffor.
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marriage
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An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.
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affinal relationships
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Kinship connections through marriage, or affinity
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consanguinal relationships
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Kinship connections based on descent.
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endogamy
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Marriage within a defined social group.
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exogamy
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Marriage outside a defined social group
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neolocal residence
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A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing.
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patrilocal residence
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A post marital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s father
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matrilocal residence
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A post marital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the wife’s mother
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avunculocal residence
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A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s mother’s brother (from avuncular, “of uncles”).
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monogamy
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A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time.
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polygamy
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A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time.
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polygyny
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A marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time.
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polyandry
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A marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
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bridewealth
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The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.
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dowry
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The wealth transferred, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage.
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family
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Minimally, a woman and her dependent children.
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conjugal
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A family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband, and wife (a spousal pair) and their children
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non conjugal family
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A woman and her children; the husband/father may be occasionally present or completely absent.
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nuclear family
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A family pattern made up of two generations; the parents and their unmarried children.
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extended family
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A family pattern made up of three generations living together: Parents, married children, and grandchildren.
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joint family
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A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together
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blended family
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A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families.
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friendship
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The relatively “unofficial” bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice.
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sexual practices
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Emotional or affectional relationship between sexual partners and the physical activities they engage in with one another
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structural violence
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Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population
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class
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A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.
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clientage
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The institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in a stratified society.
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caste
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A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one caste to another
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race
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A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes.
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racism
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The systematic oppression of one or more socially defined “races” by another socially defined “race” that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule.
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colorism
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A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between white and black.
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ethnicity
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A principle of social classification used to creat groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress. Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality.
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ethnic groups
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Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of ethnicity.
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nation
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A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance
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Nation-state
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An ideal political unit in which national identity
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Nationality
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A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state.
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Globalization
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Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale.
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Diaspora
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Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building
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Long-distance nationalist
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Members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own
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transborder state
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A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendents remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state.
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transborder citzenry
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A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship.
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legal citizenship
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The rights and obligations of citizenship accorded by the laws of a state
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substantive citizenship
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The actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to assert their membership in a state and to bring about political changes hat will improve their lives.
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Transnational nation-state
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A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside.
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Flexible citizenship
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The strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across the state boundaries and seek both to circumvent and to benefit from different nation-state regimes.
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postnational ethos
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An attitude toward the world in which people submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states.
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Human rights
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Powers, privileges or material resources to which people everywhere, by virtue of being human, are justly entitled.
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Multiculturalism
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Living permanently in settings surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from one’s own and struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices of different groups should or should not be accorded respect and recognition by the wider society.
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cultural imperialism
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The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power.
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cultural hybridization or hybridity
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Cultural mixing.
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cosmopolitanism
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Being at ease in more than one cultural setting.
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