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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Domestication |
Increases dependency on humans Slow, gradual process over many generations Results from human manipulation of plant and/or animal breeding which produces physical changes Dogs first domesticated animals (15,000 BP) |
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Mesolithic |
First stage of the transition involved increased efficiency at collecting wild plants and animals, accompanied by increased sedentism |
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Technological transition |
microblades composite tools |
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Sedentism |
people staying in one place rather than wandering was increased along with population increases |
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SW Asia Domesticants |
Plants Animals wheat, barley, rye sheep, goats lentils, peas cattle(anatolia,balkans) peaches, apricots, grapes Pigs |
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N. Chinese Domesticants |
Plants: rice, kaoliang (sorghum), foxtail millet, broom-corn millet, soy bean, cabbage, persimmon, hemp, mulberry Animals: pigs, ducks |
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SE Asia Domesticants |
Plants: rice, yams, taro, water chestnuts, lotus, broad beans, gourds Animals: chickens, water buffalo |
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Mesoamerica Domesticants |
Plants: maize, amaranth beans (phaseolus sp.), squashes, gourds, tomato, peppers (sweet and chili), avocado, sweet potato, cotton
Animals: muskovy ducks, turkeys |
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South America Domesticants |
Plants: gourds, corn, potato, quinoa, squash, lima beans, beans, peanuts, peppers (sweet and chili) Animals: llama, alpaca, guinea pig, duck |
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Secondary Centers |
Africa, North America, Lowland South America |
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Africa |
Yams, sorghums, and millets |
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North America |
sunflowers, amaranth, chenopods |
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Lowland South America |
manioc, beans, chilis |
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Civilization |
marked by presence of cities, hierarchy, complex division of labor, complex record keeping, centralized decision making |
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Settlement hierarchy (functional variability between settlements) Specialization |
extractive hamlets/ villages local centers (towns) regional centers central places |
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Early Civilizations |
Egypt, mesopotamia, Indus river valley, china, mesoamerica, andean |
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Egypt |
5000 BP, ruler Hierakonopolis conquers neighbor to north and establishes 1st egyptian kingdom writing appears ca 5100BP 5100-4600 BP political consolidation and expansion 4600-4200 pyramids and elaborate funerary rituals and establishment of egyptian institutional framework |
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Mesopotamia |
6700 see emergence of local ceremonial centers (as at Eridu) by 5500 BP ziggurats built and temple rises to preeminence writing appears by 5400 copper ornaments appear by 5500 4800 several city states |
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China |
6000 BP Longshan cultures of N & S China linked in trading networks chiefdoms with elaborate ritual copper metallurgy appears early rammed earth wall and fortifications by 5200 elaborate elite burials with retainer burial at ca 4600 shang emerged and establish capital(s) along huang ho river |
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Indus River Valley |
by 6000 BP Indus valley densely settled with small farming communities irrigation, flood works, metallurgy, planned communities after 4600 BP rapid growth, consolidation Long distance trade with Sumer Less urban than Mesopotamia |
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Mesoamerica |
3500 BP Olmec emerge monumental architecture, monumental sculpture, long distance trade in jade, serpentine, and obsidian weak state with small population 2000-3000 BP, new civilizations arose in central mexico and southern mexico-guatemala, and oaxaca 2600 BP maya building pyramids |
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Andean |
2200 BP Moche state emerges from earlier chiefdoms on north peruvian coast elaborate elite burials massive public architecture fine elite art and crafts irrigation |
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Culture (the socially transmitted knowledge and behavior shared by some group of people) |
distinctively human trait serves to separate us from other animals we rely on it to greater extent than any other species one of the most powerful forces acting on humans primary means by which we adapt our environments |
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Learned |
Culture is not innate any child can learn any culture, if exposed from birth (or an early age) |
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Shared |
culture is not individual, but is shared by a group of people purely idiosyncratic behavior (even if learned) is not cultural |
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Cumulative |
We pass on culture from one generation to the next cultures build on what already exists |
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Integrated |
various aspects of culture are complexly interconnected, so that changes in one area affect all aspects |
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Symbolically Expressed and Transmitted |
Express and communicate culture through variety of symbols includes language, dress, hair styles, rituals, gestures, etc |
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Dynamic |
all cultures are constantly changing and are never entirely static no living creature is the same as it was 1,000, 10,000, or 1,000,000 years ago rates of change vary within cultures over time and between cultures at the same time |
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Society |
Embodies rules of social interaction and behavior characteristic of a given group of people primarily a material or behavioral phenomenon |
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Explicit and Tacit Culture |
we are only consciously aware of some of our culture some aspects of culture or cultural behavior are unconscious and may be perceived as completely natural |
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Ethnographic field work |
is called "participant-observation" uses: interviewing, mapping the people interviewed are informants |
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Ethnocentrism |
the belief that one's own cultural beliefs and practices are natural, right, and proper, and that all other societies and practices are inferior to the extent they differ from one's own applying the standards and values of one's own culture in evaluating another culture's practices or beliefs |
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Cultural Relativism |
The belief that all cultures are " equal" and that each must be analyzed or studied in its own terms and that value judgments should be avoided in analyzing other cultures |
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Moral Relativism |
cultural relativism is not the same as moral relativism, though anthropologists recognize that morality is culturally constructed and variable |
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language |
definitions |
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Sign |
used by humans and other animals, are "natural" or self-evident |
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Symbol |
are arbitrary representations of meaning (words, gestures, etc) |
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Closed systems (used by other animals) |
meanings are fixed and limited cannot combine calls specific and finite number of things can be communicated |
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open systems (Language) |
can create and communicate new ideas can recombine symbols in novel ways infinite communicative capacity |
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Phonetics |
records the actual (physically measurable) speech sounds |
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Phonemes |
are the meaningful units of sound in a language |
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Distinctive features |
human vocal sounds can vary from one another in numerous ways any given language only recognizes certain features as important in distinguishing on from another voicing, nasal, mode of articulation, aspiration,point of articulation, fricative, labial, glide, tone, dental, glottal, aspirants |
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Allophones |
are similar but distinct sounds which a language does not distinguish and treats as the same sound |
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Rules of combination |
every language only permits certain sound combinations or limits where certain combinations may occur |
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Morphemes |
minimal units of meaning in a language free morphemes can stand alone in an utterance bound morphemes must be joined to another morpheme in utterance |
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Syntax |
rules for combining morphemes to create meaningful utterances |
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Semantics |
rules governing construction of meaning necessary because can generate syntactically correct utterances which have no meaning |
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Grammar |
the total set of rules governing how to produce a meaningful utterance in a given language |
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Historical Linguistics |
all languages change over time sometimes may split into 2 or more different languages they study linguistic change and relations between existing languages |
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Core Vocabulary |
is the most basic and commonly used elements of the language |
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Cognates |
are similar sounding words with similar meanings in two (or more) languages which are believed to be related |
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Sound Shifts |
a regular series of changes in sounds between related languages |
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Language Families |
most common and widely accepted high order taxon Indo-European Altaic Khoi-San Algonquian |
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Glottochronology |
attempts to calculate the relative timing of separation between languages assumes relatively constant rate of change in core vocabulary controversial |
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Loan Words |
whenever 2 language are prolonged in contact they borrow words from each other |
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
language conditions thought |
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Sociolonguistics |
examines language as a social phenomenon social dialects speech styles |
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Subsistence Systems |
definitions |
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Environment |
physical setting within which an organism exists imposes constraints: availability of water or land, rainfall and temperatures, parasites and diseases |
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Subsistence System |
manner of producing raw materials and basic goods and services necessary for survival represent the primary interface between humans and their physical environment |
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Foragers (extensive) |
small, dispersed, loosely organize, nomadic groups only produced enough to last a few days, or seasonally up to a few months use simple portable technologies low work inputs generally more than adequate diet |
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Collectors (Intensive) |
larger more sedentary more complexly organized groups who produce substantial surpluses for trade and to support part-time specialists technology more sophisticated and elaborate higher work inputs surplus production gives higher standard of living |
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Horticulture |
farmers employing simple technologies, long fallows, intercropping produce small surpluses and have few specialists larger more strongly bounded groups with fixed membership more-or-less permanent settlements communal ownership of land |
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Pastoralism |
specialized migratory animal herders full nomads transhumant travel between 2 fixed points strongly bonded social groups always found in conjunction with settled village farmers |
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Intensive agriculturists |
larger (several thousand), strongly bonded groups hereditary inequality and formal leadership with coercive authority private ownership of resources |
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Economic systems |
definitions |
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Production |
the primary component entailed in subsistence systems |
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Resources |
materials available for particular purposes in a given environment perceived, not absolute |
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Technology |
the tools, techniques, and knowledge necessary to transform raw materials into socially useful products |
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Distribution |
mechanisms for circulating goods and services among the populations |
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Consumption |
how, when, and where goods and services are ultimately consumed and used (and by who) is culturally mandated |
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Labor |
the allocation of human time and energy involves scheduling and organization |
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Division of Labor |
all societies have a division of labor--who does what simple--based on age and gender complex--based on class,ethnicity,occupation,education, training, locality, etc. |
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Rights of Access |
who has access to or ownership and control over resources, tools, technology, and labor is socially variable |
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Reciprocity |
exchange of goods or services of equivalent value as gifts characteristic of societies where all households are equal and potentially self-sufficient |
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Generalized Reciprocity |
give with no expectation of immediate or direct return |
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Balanced or Direct Reciprocity |
give with expectation that will receive something of comparable worth within particular time frame |
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Negative Reciprocity |
seek to gain personal advantage |
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Redistributing |
goods are accumulated through central agency (person or institution) then redistributes to others or used for collective purpose |
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Market Exchange |
value based on supply and demand, rather than customary rates of exchange free exchange of all goods and services normally mediated by general purpose money only found in states |
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Money |
used by people...... :| |
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Special Purpose Money |
wealth items employed only for specific, limited kinds of exchanges generally ritual or political |
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General Purpose Money |
used for all economic transfers |
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Medium of exchange |
can be used in all transations |
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Measure of value |
universal measure of value in all exchanges |
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Store of value |
allows for accumulation of unused value |
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Economic rationality |
hallmark of modern economic theory economic decision making based on making the maximum profit for minimum investment |
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Non-Capitalist rationality |
debt capital resource conversion (social/political gains) strategic exchange alternative maximization |
