Anthropology Test 2

Front 1

similar structures; in Anthropology, usually means studying primates

Back 1

Homologies

Front 2

160-180 species

Back 2

Order Primates

Front 3

most domestic species on earth.

Back 3

Dog

Front 4

Most primates are found in

Back 4

the geographical zone, 35 degrees N/S of the equator. - Of these, the majority are found in the Tropical Zone - 23 degrees, 27 minutes N/S of the equator (Cancer and Capricorn).

Front 5

expression of an evolutionary relationship between organisms (cladistics)

Back 5

Cladogram

Front 6

they argue that gorillas and chimps are more closely related than either is to humans because of knuckle-walking.

Back 6

Comparative Anatomy

Front 7

: argues that humans and chimps are more alike than either is to gorillas - based on the common structure of blood proteins (amino acids)

Back 7

DNA Sequencing

Front 8

Humans and chimps share more than ___ % similarity in blood protein structure

Back 8

99%

Front 9

most conservative approach - takes into account Cladogram 1 and 2

Back 9

Trifurcation (a 3-way division):

Front 10

comparison of blood and blood proteins (very similar in all 3 groups)

Back 10

Serology

Front 11

analysis of chromosomes - humans have 46; chimps and gorillas have 48

Back 11

Karyology

Front 12

study of the Primate Order

Back 12

Primatology

Front 13

Data comes from 2 major sources

Back 13

1) Captive Studies: DNA data, mental capacity (learning)
2) Field Studies: Behavioral data, socialization process

Front 14

Trends and Tendencies in the Primate Order (old world, new world, and humans):

Back 14

Elaborated Locomotion: Specialized Forelimbs,Reduced Dentition,Reduced capacity to Smell, Enhancement of Visual System, Enhancement of Neocortex, Globular Skulls
Single Births
Increased Gestation Period (prenatal period), Prolonged Post-natal Period

Front 15

hands and feet of primates are specialized; flat nails, retention of pentadactylism, mobility of digits, expansion of digit pads. *exception: Ateles Geoffroyi (spider monkey) (4 fingered). Primates all have highly mobile Pollex = thumb and Hallux = big toe, we are the only exception (our Hallux is not that mobile [ we gave it up to stand on 2 feet]); there has been an expansion/enlargement in pads on the primate hand/foot

Back 15

Elaborated Locomotion

Front 16

the center of our eyes

Back 16

Fovea Centralis

Front 17

high-light perception; each cone is separately attached to our brains; cones are color vision

Back 17

Cones

Front 18

acuity (“depth perception”) is where your fields of vision cross (the center)

Back 18

Enhancement of Visual System

Front 19

brain gives us voluntary muscle control; we have symbolic association (things remind us of things) and we have sound something…

Back 19

Enhancement of Neocortex

Front 20

(physiochemical dating)

Back 20

Radiometric techniques

Front 21

Radiometric techniques

Back 21

Carbon 14 Dating, Potassium-Argon Dating , Uranium Dating

Front 22

Used only on inorganic remains - used almost exclusively on volcanic rock.

Back 22

Potassium-Argon Dating (K/A Technique)

Front 23

discovered by Mary Leakey; 70 meter trail of human FOOT impressions that are dated at 3.6 million years ago

Back 23

Laetoli, Tanzania

Front 24

Dating minerals only (rocks) by measuring fission tracks left behind as uranium, over time, turns into lead; best dates for uranium is between 1,000 and 1 million years ago

Back 24

Uranium Dating

Front 25

tree ring dating

Back 25

Dendrochronoloy

Front 26

Earliest known human ancestor

Back 26

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Front 27

opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

Back 27

Foramen Magnum

Front 28

BIPEDALISM:
Negatives

Back 28

1. Biped cannot travel as fast as a quadruped (we are 30-40% slower).
2. Exposed soft underbelly to attack.
3. Cannot turn and maneuver as well as a quadruped; greater tendency to fall.
4. Made us more visible to predators.
5. Made us highly prone to suffocation and choking.

Front 29

BIPEDALISM:
Positives:

Back 29

1. Makes our hands FREE to carry food, objects, weapons.
2. Could use our hands to make TOOLS.
3. Could stand and see our predators.
4. Lowered absorption of sun radiation onto our bodies - biped receives 60% less UV rays body than quadruped.

Front 30

Bipedalism Indicators:

Back 30

Pelvis: tends to be shorter and wider for strong structural support.
Lumbar Vertebrae: they are “curved outward” and in to support weight and cushion the spinal cord.
Leg Bones: tend to “curve inward” toward the knee (femoral) - gives us appearance of “kneeing-in” - almost duck-toed; tibia then straightens out to re-align leg with feet.
Locking Knee: it allows for an upright posture and mobility; no other primate has a locking knee.
Foot Bones: human feet are arched to allow for better cushioning and mobility; also the Hallux is straight in line and not opposable to allow for recurrent movement - arch allows for “spring”
Skull: foramen magnum - opening in the lower base of skull allows the spinal cord to attach through the cranium to the brain

Front 31

Australopithecus4 Major Species:

Back 31

Australopithecus Anamensis Gave rise to:
Australopithecus Afarensis Gave rise to:
Australopithecus Africanus Australopithecus Afarensis

Front 32

diet of tough, coarse foods (vegetation) - very marked masseter muscle

Back 32

Back tooth dominance

Front 33

1959 Mary Leaky uncovered a stone cache at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: dated at 2,030,000 yrs (+/- 280,000yrs).

Back 33

1) Represents difference with Australopithecus because it shows an accumulation of tools.
2) In this accumulation there is a great variety of tool types.

Front 34

“tool-making man” or “handy man”
1. Brain capacity 600-700 cc (650 cc average)
2. Smaller teeth - but still large by modern standards
3. Development of the Oldowan Tool Tradition
-beginning of the Lower Paleolithic (Early Stone Age)
-Pebble tool - chiseled lump used to cut, dig, chop, and scrape
- Produced by means of the PERCUSSION METHOD
4. Some possible development of language because the cranial remains show indentations that are associated with language development.

Back 34

Homo habilis

Front 35

Australopithecus

Back 35

1) Brain capacity 400-550 cc.
2) Back tooth dominance; extra cusps; larger dentition than modern humans (non- projecting canines)
3) Body type: 4-4.5 feet - weight 50-100 lbs.

Front 36

- Fossils found in Africa, Asia, Europe, Indonesia
- First Find: 1891 - Eugene Dubois - “Java Man” - Brain capacity 900cc and 5’8”
Characteristics of Homo erectus:
1) Brain size average of 1000 cc. - relatively large brow ridge
2) Continues reduced sexual dimorphism
3) Teeth: continued reduction in tooth size - especially back tooth dominance
4) height (4.2-5.6 feet)
5) Tool tradition:
6) Presence of culture - living sites indicate the presence of post-holes
7) Greater evidence of language - indirect evidence - near modern development of the brain, including indentations showing a near modern-sized HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
8) For First time in history, use of fire.

Back 36

Homo Erectus (1.8 mybp-300,000 bp)

Front 37

5) Tool tradition:

Back 37

A. Early homo erectus ACHEULIAN TOOL TRADITION
B. Late homo erectus LEVALLOIS TOOL TRADITION

Front 38

A. Early homo erectus ACHEULIAN TOOL TRADITION

- Classic tool is a ________________ (modified and trimmer core; flaked off all around), but held completely in the hand
- It is NOT HAFTED (no handle)
- Produced by the BATON METHOD

Back 38

hand axe

Front 39

B. Late homo erectus LEVALLOIS TOOL TRADITION

- Use of large standard-sized flakes trimmed off of a modified core

Back 39

- FLAKE TECHNOLOGY