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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How has medical care expanded into marketing niches?
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Specialty medicines, costly technologies and procedures, elective treatments these follow evolutionary principles
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How does the expansion of medical care into these marketing niches follow an evolutionary principle?
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They are adapted to highly specialized environmental niches.
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How can Specialization be non-beneficial in the long run?
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A change in the social environment or benefit to recipients can eliminate specializations
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Who wins in longterm competitions between specialists and generalists? Why do they win?
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Generalists win in the long term, though they may do poorly in the short run, because people will always need a general medicine doctor, whereas people can live without a plastic surgeon.
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Who wins is capitalist specialization?
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The capitalist generalists win in the long run.
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How does Modern medicine bear resemblance to evolution?
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It develops new professional specialities and specialized treatments.
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Medical practices also pit humans against what evolutionary problems?
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New evolutionary organisms - medicine is able to pit humans against evolving bacterial and viral resistance.
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What are evolved human physical and mental features?
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Repetitive motion damage to tissues, and spinal strain from lifting
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What are several of the small killer bacterial diseases that have been a problem as the world has gotten older?
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Bubonic plague (1300), Syphilis and other bacterial STDS early colonial period
Malaria, cholera, sall pox Lyme disease, dengue fever, avian flu, AIDS SARS Prions |
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When did mental illnesses emerge as psychologically defined and treated conditions?
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The Industrial Period.
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How were Mental illnesses seen previously to the Industrial Period?
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Problems of the individual soul, spirit, moral character, or one's social relations.
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What is schizophrenia? When did it appear? When did relapse rates begin to decrease?
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Schizophrenia as of the 1970s had a lower relapse rate, after first psychotic episode in non-industrial settings.
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What is Hysteria? How was it seen in the old days?
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culturally shaped group of mental syndromes, some seen as deviant and others understood as acceptable ways of being human?
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What happens when neoliberal marketing and capitalism dominate medicine and illness?
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Suddenly you need a pill for everything. Everything you do is an illness and you have to get treated for it now!
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What are feel good medications and what can they cure?
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Erectile dysfunction, everyday mood changes, wrinkly faces, etc. SSRIs, Cialis, Botox, Viagra, etc.
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What are youth obsessed cultural values as they pertain to medicine?
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Products to hide the effects of aging, elective surgeries, tummy tucks, face lifts, liposuction.
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What is the huge problem with Big Pharma running the a neoliberal market principles?
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Low demand, soetimes life-saving medicines never reach the market.
Need patients go without medicines because of their poverty and the inability to contribute to corporate profits. |
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How do the market based efficiencies of time, space, and profit have an effect on Health?
Whose Study was called Emptying Beds: The work of an Emergency Psyciatric Unit? What four points does this study make? |
Lorna Rhodes
Inner city hospital serving mostly poor and destitute patients Psych unit beds constructed as focal concept of efficiency Goals: getting patients with chronic and severe mental illnesses stabilized for movement to other facilities or situations, usually with lower costs. |
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How do Time and Space have an effect in the Health system? How is Time-space compression a problem in Health and Illness? What types of social theorists are pointing ot time-space compression?
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Time: Most patients move through the unit quickly
Space: Free up "beds" (only one part of a complex emergency psychiatric Unit's operations) Post modernist - Time Space compression is where the sense of time becomes ever more fast-pased, denying opportunities for longer human interactions. Spaces are inhabited only temporarily and without a sense of place or bond between person and location. |
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Health Care is turning into what type of system?
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Post-fordist, outsourced, profit-oriented system.
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What were the 4 points made by the dateline in Des Moines IA article about Broadlaws: Staff revolt manageable?
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- Resignation of five psychiatrists and the mental-health program director
- Implementation of productivity standards The hospitals historically shaky finances Pressures to see more patients in the same period of time, and pressures for the psychiatry department to make more money |
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What is reductionist medicine?
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Preference for psychiological and anatomical explanations and treatments
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What is the Biomedical model?
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physical interventions (medicines, surgeries) with deemphasis of a patient's emotional, psychological, and social situation.
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What is medicalizaiton? What are some of the problems that medicalizaiton is causing today?
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Expansion of psychiatric categories: PMS, ADHD, Histrionic personality disorder
Medical systems are overwhelmend by everyday complaints and problems. |
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How are some illnesses social facts with no clear physical cause? What study looks at this?
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Searles, 2001: Study of Dissociative Identity Disorder
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What are the problems with International Public Health? How is this an evolutionary concern?
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Contradictions of saving lives and improving conditions vs. population growth pressures and uneven acess to basic resources?
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What are Hybrid Health practices?
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Acupuncture, chiropractic, healing touch, aromatherapy, ayuvedic medicine, meditation, and threapeutic massage.
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What is Articulation Theory?
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Appearance of alternative healing methods in core nations and alongside biomedicine
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What is the transformation of indigenous healing arts by Euro-American biomedicine?
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Chinese Medicine practices as a superfically Chinese healing system with underlying Western treatments.
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What is foraging?
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Looking around for food or hunting.
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What is the Slash and burn or swidden method?
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After harvesting the crops from the soil all of the fields are burnt in order to replenish the nutrients that can be gained from the soil.
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What occurred as a result of Agricultural intensification?
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Irrigation and plow and draft animals.
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Why did Industrial Food production become necessary? (4 main points)
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- Food became a commodity
State subsidization and regulation of food production nad technology Technology becae a substitute for human labor Pressure for low food prices and therefore cheap labor |
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The Demand for low food prices had what 5 effects?
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- Union busting in agricultural labor and related agribusiness
- Meatpacking in the United states - Long history of labor activitsm from 1800s brought workplace safety regulations, 8 hour workdays, good wages and benefits - Right to work laws: union membership not required for employment in unionized occupations - Plant closures, layoffs. |
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The maintenance of agricultural production and agribusiness requires cheap labor.
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Rural youth and young adults with high school and college educations
- Transnational migrants including undocumented workers |
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Why are transnational migrantants and undocumented workers preferred over legal residents?
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Legal residents are somewhat more expensive to hire and are more likely to push for safety regulations, better wages, and benefits.
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What work can't be outsourced? WHy not?
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Much of the work is Fordist and post-Fordist, factory production, and for internet based communications there are heavy positions.
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How many people still live on less than 1 dollar a day?
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1.2 billion people.
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What do intensive agricultural societies use money for?
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Use money only for market exchanges and long-distance trading, not for local exchange.
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Hunger Stems from what 4 large reasons?
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Uneven distributions of basic resources
Displacement of people from productive lands Natural and human disasters Population growth |
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How does hunger stem from Uneven distributions of basic resources?
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Political favoritism, cronyism, and disempowerment
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How does hunger stem from displacement of people from productive lands?
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Displacement by large scale government and private development projects, das for flood control and recreation, road construction, rezoning for non-agricultural and non-residential land use
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How does Hunger Result from Natural and human diasters?
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Bangladesh 1974: flooding unemployment, and high costs of food
What could happen in Bangladesh 2050? Flooding and massive displacement from rising ocean levels . Tsunamis, destruction of infastructure by war in Iraq, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc. |
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How does Hunger result from population growth?
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Making local subsistence practices unworkable: Slash and burn horiculture in central Indonesia
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Des Moines and Iowa are home to what Prize and reputable doctor who has helped battle hunger?
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The world food prize and Dr. Norman Borlaug
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What are the overall goals of the green revolution?
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Increased yeilds of hybrid crops
Larger food supplies for starvation-prone populations Increased national wealth through international trade of commodified foods |
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What are the weaknesses of the Green Revolution?
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Assumes that food shortages are the problem to be solved, rather than uneven distributions of food
Increased global economic participation doesn't solve local needs in many cases Over-Innovation: technological solutions often are not local solutions Underdifferentiation: assumption that what works in one place works in all places, with little or no adjustment to local conditions |
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How has the Green Revolution affected those in Bali, Indonesia? How has this increased rice yeilds and wealth?
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Introduction of hybrid rice, continuous instead of staggered paddy irrigation?
Funded by world bank: yeild increases for the first few years and an attept to increase wealth on the island and make Bali and Indonesia participantsi n global agricultural exchange. |
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What were the huge problems with the Green Revolution in Bali, Indonesia?
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With hybrid rice seed came new weeds and insect pests - high costs due to needs for herbicides and pesticides
Limited water supply in volcanic lakes was strained by continuous irrigation Imminent agricultural collapse by early 1980s. |
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Balinese society is governed by a coplex Hindu system, what were the effects of the Green Revolution on this society?
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The Teples anaged finite water from lakes through a staggered irrigation calendar
Balinese Hinduis is founded on the human role of balancing between forces of good and evil. |
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What did Stephen Lansing conclude the result on the Balinese society and agriculture were as a result of the green revolution?
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Lansing concluded: Rice irrigation for export was ruining soil fertility, draining the water supply, and creating high hidden costs fro introduces weeds and pests
The 1000 year old temple system was ecologically sustainable Farmers who had participated in the hyprid export economy should return to the Hindu temple system in order to maintain the productivity and sustainability of Balinese agriculture over the long term. |
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A specific cultural group is recognized as having what three features?
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- A geographical territory and physical resource base
- A distinct identity based on material culture, organization of society, rituals, and symbols - A language or language dialect that differed from other groups in some way |
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What Three things are all groups now influenced by globally?
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- Transnational Migration
- Cultural identities are formed by consuing (purchasing commodities) - Transmission of culture through edia, shopping, and cultural groups in contact |
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What is Transnational Migration?
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Culture and cultural identity are often not place-based, or remembered places are not actual places of residence
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What is happening to cultural diversity? (3 ideas)
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The planet is becoming less culturally diverse
Traditional cultures are struggling to keep their heritages against pressures of neoliberal marketing, assimilation to national citizenship, etc. Cultural diversity is changing its form from older perceptions of culture to new more flexible forms |
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Now, Globalization is equal to what process?
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Homogenization!
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Globalization as a Homogenizing process includes what three areas?
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Wage Labor
Investing Consumption in response to advertising and marketing, culturally determined needs and wants |
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What is the significance of a Sprite bottle? What other possible things could a sprite bottle be used for?
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NOT apparent from the bottle:
Source of livlihood for the Urban poor Spittoon Reuse for other liquids or for solids |
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What is Hybridity?
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Cultural intermixing
Recognition of more complex individual heritages Living in two cultural worlds because of migration, bicultural ancestry |
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What are the two things that cultural identities reorganize to perform?
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Hybridity (cultural interixing)
Citizenship in the nation-state Assimilation and coercive disruption of other cultural and ethnic identities The threat of multiculturalism and immigrants to national identity and nationalism - faily planning. |
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Reorganization in order for globalization as a homogenizing process to occur takes disipline. What are the different types of disipline that occur?
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Assertion of state control to produce good citizens,
Suppression of alternative identities, including minority Indigenous peoples, assiilation, and segregation, physical and social, ethnocide, and genocide. |
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What is Multiculturalism?
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Assumes some degree of assimilation to economic and political realities
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How is the concept indigenous peoples defined?
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Original or native peoples.
Usually assued to lack access to cultural economic, and social resources that permit the control over their own communities, internal social processes, and livelihoods. Tribal people: sometimes considered to be backwards or stupidly rejecting modern ways Vunerability to cultural destruction from global capitalism (ethnocide) Comunal ownership/control of land and other basic necessities Kin-based social organization Economic egalitarianism Respect and status not based on wealth, disposable income, and comsumption Control of land or resources that the nation-state and corporations want |
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What is the purpose of public education in modern nation-states?
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Orients residents to citizenship and national loyalty. (state sponsored public education for children)
Alters the loyalties of indigenous groups in one generation (or less) away from their cultural heritage Also defines who is most able to be loyal and who is likely to resist re-educaiton Boarding schools for Native Americans |
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What is Theology?
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Physical body vs. Spiritual substance
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Who is Descartes and what did he believe?
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Animals lacked a soul
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Who is Friedrich Nietzsch and what did he believe?
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The death of god, slain by secularism, rationality and the industrial revolution
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What is Utilitarianism:
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The physical nature is service of humans for human satisfaction
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What are several ideas of human domination over unruly and chaotic nature?
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an shall have dominion
Go forth and multiply Science as the most efficient means of control, coupled with various ideologies like capitalism. |
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What is a commodity? What does this represent?
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The ultimate form of material existence.
Transformation from use value to exchange value, from practical concerns to status and profit linking meaning |
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How do commodities make us reorient in a new way according to Tocqueville?
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They make us reorient to selfish individuality, not the collective good.
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What is the reductionist explanation? How do reductionist explanations explain commodities?
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Offers a simple explanation for a complex phenomenon - They say commodities are reorientation to selfish individuality and not hte collective good
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What is Consumer capitalism? What are the goals of Profit and high standard of living?
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Short-term planning and thinking eg. the quarterly earnings report
Budgets, taxes, and much else emphasize the year as the major unit of time, work against longterm planning and effect of funding cycles of Masai NGOs work and on how well they represent actual needs |
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How do many societies attrubute supernatural qualities to non-human existence?
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Magic - presence of deities and culture heroes spirits, the presence of ancestors' spirits
Spiritual presence in the natural world led to an attitude of respect and care |
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how do the Navajo People in the American Southwest see the earth?
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Mother Earth is a body of changing woman who is an ancestor of the Navajo, women in general, humans, sheep herds, the place of residence, gardens, are all extensions of this changing womans body
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How does the Balinese Hindu Temple system work managing agriculture?
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Manages the agricultural cycle, especially distribution of irrigation water and planting times for local districts
Has religious and ritual management of the physical world, understood as the inhabitation of various spiritual beings as well as humans |
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How do Australian aborigines see their connection with the Earth?
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Close connection between and individual person and her or his place of birth
Ties between that place and other places where significant experiences happened Stories about ancestors and relatives, all linked to specific places Powerful sense of belonging to a community that included the collective stories of all that had happened,. passed down over time |
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What is a dreamtime?
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A history of huan experience with the physical world brought to bear on each present moment
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What things can interrupt the memories and places of the dreamtime?
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Mining, agricultural development, and other modern activities
This collective story acquires physical and narrative gaps as places disappear and old people die |
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According to Charles mann, most of North Central and South America consisted of what type of environments?
What characteristics did these environments have? |
Anthropogenic environments
No distinction between pristine wilderness and the earth as hoe of humans Rather than wilderness, cultural practices occured in anaged in some way most of the natural world Igoe says this about the Masai in Tanzania - East africa as anthropogenic and little sense of humans as seperate from the natural or physical world |
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What are some ideas for why most American civilizations collapsed or were easily colonized?
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Overstretched resource bases
Political struggles over power and control European military technology in the 16th century does not explain Europeans ability to conquer Highland and Lowland Maya, Mexica/Nahuati, Inca, etc. European forms of land control -Ownership by individuals Fencing property rights, rights to defend Non-European land control was often usufruct, or perission for use fro a regulating social group |
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what is the Idea of Usufruct?
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Permission for use from a regulating social group.
This allowed clans, lineages, villages, small residential groups, and cometimes in combination with perission from supernatural beings. Interests of the group and larger collectives always played a part in an individuals use. |
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What is the most important component of the ecological footprint? Why would this recieve so little attention despite being so important?
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Consumption
Reduced consumption is bad for business Difficulties making sacrifices in lifestyle |
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What are some technological solutions that replace huan labor? What are the high costs associated with these solutions?
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High Carbon pollution
Toxic Chemicals Altered environments from urganization, fragmented ecosystems, and water pollution |
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How is technology greatly affecting or hurting humans (as a part of the environment)?>
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Human affects: obesity from refined sugars in the diet
Over-reliance on corn-based derivatives, including high-fructose corn syrup Commitment of much agricultural land to sugar production |
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Why are Core Nations ecological footprints global and discriminatory?
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Export of polluting industries to peripheral and seiperipheral countries
Placement of heavy industries near ethnic minorities and concentrations of lower class people - Indian reservations, African American towns, the poor side of town, the Mexican border |
