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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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artifact
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made, modified, or used by humans
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nomadic
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most were hunters and gatherers
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paleolithic
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old stone age
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mesolithic
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middle stone age
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neolithic
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new or recent, start of agriculture and pottery
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trade
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exchange of raw goods and information of ideas allows for information to be exchanged over large areas, acts as a levelers of cultural development
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absolute dating
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- the process of determining a specific date for an archaeological site or artifact. Some archaeologists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies a certainty and precision that is rarely possible in archaeology. Absolute dating is usually based on the physical or chemical properties of the materials of artifacts, buildings, or other items that have been modified by humans. Absolute dates do not necessarily tell us when a particular cultural event happened, but when taken as part of the overall archaeological record they are invaluable in constructing a more specific sequence of events.
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relative dating
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estimates of the order of prehistoric and geological events were determined by using basic stratigraphic rules, and by observing where fossil organisms lay in the geological record, stratified bands of rocks present throughout the world.
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C-14
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most common form of absolute dating
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stratigraphy
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study of rock layers
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seriation
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a way of situating an object in a series
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horticulture
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The origins of horticulture lie in the transition of human communities from nomadic hunter gatherers to sedentary or semi-sedentary horticultural communities, cultivating a variety of crops on a small scale around their dwellings or in specialized plots at some remove
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agriculture
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process of producing food. The history of agriculture is a major element of human history, as agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide socio-economic change, including the specialization of human activity: when farmers became capable of producing food beyond the needs of their own families, others in the tribe/nation/empire were freed to devote themselves to activities other than food acquisition.
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band
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groups based on kinship, do not have good leadership, very fluid b/c of their leadership
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tribe
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chief is the leader, has minimal authority, people respect chief, they lead by example
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chiefdom
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chief has the idea that he has the authority to rule, has a lot of authority
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Levalloisian
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a distinctive type of flint knapping developed by humans during the Paleolithic period
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oldwan
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pebble tools
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Acheulean
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homo erectus, hand axe, choppers and scrapers
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Paleo Indians
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demonstrate they are close to Pleistocene animals, wide range of animals, few humans to compete with
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monumental
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thought control in architecture
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rise of civilization
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surplus of food (the ability for people to have this) and urbanism (the ability for people to live here
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circumscribed zones
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surrounded by boundries
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dibble
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simple agriculture
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atlatl
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a spear thrower
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mesopotamia
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modern day iraq, lies b/w Tigris and Euphrates, Egypt(Nile), Pakistan, Chine, ect.
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midden
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any feature containig waste
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patterns of stone tools
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hand axe, club, spear, atatl, bow, crossbow, gun, ect
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Hierarchical
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a system of organizing and ranking people
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stratified
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certain individuals have different access to resources, top good, bottom bad – leads to sociopolitical advances. Most modern societies are stratified
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Egalitarian society
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everyone is equal, many valuable positions (positions of authority) also leads to sociopolitical advances
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flake tool vs. core
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flake is the stuff that comes off when you hit the stone, core is the remaining part. Core was more common
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irrigation or hydraulic theory
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irrigation, making canals and dams, regulating flow of water, increasing role of sociopology
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middle paleolithic
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stone making became using a core technique. It was the time of the Neandertals.
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mousterian tools
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(neandertalensis – middle Paleolithic) more flake tools, smaller, hand axe, bone tools and ivory
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archaeomagnetic dating
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the science of how to interpret signatures of the Earth's magnetic field at past times that are recorded in archaeological materials.
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bronze age
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development of metal working
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moundiville in AL
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political and ceremonial center of a regionally organized Mississippian culture chiefdom polity
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mississippian
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constructed mounds, had trade networks, development of social inequality, politics
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Dzibilichaltun
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is a Maya ruin. The most famous structure is the Temple Of The Seven Dolls. The other major feature of Dzibilchaltùn is its cenote, which is used as a swimming hole by local residents year round.
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burin
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a stone use to tailor clothing
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half life of C-14
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5730 years
BP - 1950 |
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Homo Erectus
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use of fire, bone, and ivory in upper paleolithic
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cuneiform
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earliest written language, used to make imprints in clay
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EMIC
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outside view
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ETIC
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inside view
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myth
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any stories linked to religious or cultural life. Often used to explain something, like how the sun rises.
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magic
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belief in supernatural powers
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sympathic magic
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magic based on the principle that like produce like, if something good happened you would try to do exactly the same thing, lucky charms, vudu doll, burning flag
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contagious magic
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magic based on the principle that things once in contact can influence one another after separation, hair, rabbit foot
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religion
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the beliefs and patterns of behavior by which people try to control the area of the universe that is otherwise beyond their control. Religion is part of all known cultures
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shaman
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a part time religion practioner, may have special powers, tells the gods what to do, more powerful than preist
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priest
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a full time religious specialist, he tells us what God wants us to do
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M.Mauss
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"The Gift"
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reciprocity
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exchange often between social equals, related by kinship, marriage, and other close ties. There are three degrees of reciprocity: generalized(whenever you want to give back the $) , balanced (bank) , negative (you take advantage of)
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ritual
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behavior that has become highly formalized and stereotyped. Ritual can perform the basic function of reinforcing group solidarity. Helps integrate individual behaviors into a group structure, thereby reducing anxiety; one’ sense of belonging is reinforced with one acts with the group
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fraternal
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friendly society, or society consisting of men
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polyandry
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female forming a sexual union between more than one man
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monogamous
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having only one mate
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marriage
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a transaction and contract which 2 people establish a continuing claim to be eligible to bear children
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kinship
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associated with societies and takes different forms
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berdache
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Can be identified as a morphological male who does not fill a society’s standard man’s role, who has a non-masculine character. Has social prestige by their spiritual intelligence.
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ethnicity
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a group of members of a society who identify with each, usually based on geneology
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taboo
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a strong social prohibition (or ban) against words, objects, actions, discussions, or people that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group, culture, or society.
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nacirema
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to study aspects of the behavior and society of American people
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incest
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having sex with close family members
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rites of passage
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rituals that mark a person’s transition from one set of socially identified circumstances to another. Examples include rituals with birth, death, and marriage
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hopi
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largest Native American community is in Arizona
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Consanguineal Kin
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relatives by birth or "blood relatives"
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affinal kin
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relatives by marriage
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nuclear family
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family consisting of husband, wife, and dependent children
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extended family
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a collection of nuclear families or family members, related by blood ties, that live together in a household
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broken family
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result of divorce, death, and other factors
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patrilocal
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lives with husband family
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matrilocal
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lives with wife's family's
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neolocal
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creat own home
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lineage
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a decent group whose members claim decent from a common ancestor and can trace their genealogical links to that ancestor
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clan
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a decent group whose members claim decent from a common ancestor, without actually knowing the genealogical links (Creek Clan – Wind Clan)
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totemism
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the view that people are descended from animals or other natural objects, often used as the symbol of the clan, considered as having strong relationship with that object/animal
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caste system
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very limited mobility, you are born in the system, degrees of freedom are little
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witchcraft
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an explanation of misfortune based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate, psychic power capable of causing harm
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divination
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a procedure by which the causes of particular events may be determined or the future foretold
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animism
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type of religion, spirit beings which are thought to animate nature, spirits are everywhere
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pantheon
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several gods and goddeses
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