Anthropology Test 1

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ARCHAEOLOGY

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the study of the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains

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ARTIFACT

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any movable object that has been used or modiefied or manufactured by humans:bones, tools,pottery etc.

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ECOFACT

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plant or animal remains found in an archaeological site

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FIELDWORK

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the search for archaeological sites in the landscape through surveys and excavations

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EXCAVATION

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the exposure and recording of buried materials from the past

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SURVEY

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search of the landscape for artifacts and sites on the groudn through aerial photography, field walking, soil analysis, and geophysical prospecting

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FEATURE

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an immovable structure or layer,pit, or post in the ground having arch. significance

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SITE GRID

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represents a coordinate system usually with lines running N/S and E/W at reg. intervals; sometimes oriented according to local topography or features

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STRATIGRAPHY

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a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and cultural sediments into layers

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TEST PIT

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a small exploratory "dig" designed to determine a site's depth, and contents prior to major excavation.

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GROUND PENETRATING RADAR(GPR)

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an instrument for remote sensing or prospecting for buried structures using radar maps of subsoil features.

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DIAGRAMMING LIFEWAYS

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distinguishing different ways of life ex: farmers, hunter-gatherers; sense of ecological position of human beings

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BRIDGING ARGUMENTS

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logical statements linking observations on the static archaeological record to the dynamic behavior or natural processes that produced it

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PREHISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

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the archaeological remains of cultures that are primarily pre-urban and so, by definition don't have contemporary economic and social records that can be consulted.

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HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

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discovering predictable relationships between hman adaptive strategies, idology and patterned variability in the arch. record; correcting the inadequate treatment of disenfranchised groups in america's past excluded from hist. sources because of race, religion, isolation or poverty.

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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY

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the study of contemporary peoples to determine how human behavior is translated into the archaeological record

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ETHNOGRAPHY

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the study of human cultures through firsthand obvservation

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PLEISTOCENE

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the time between the appearnce of the earliest hominins during the pliocene and beginning of the pleistocene

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CHANGES OCCuRRED AT THE END OF PLEISTOCENE

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-end is marked when last ice sheets retreated -burial of dead-cannibalism-homo sapiens created art-major changes in human behavior

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BASIC CHARACTERISTICS DISTINGUISHING A NON HUMAN PRIMATE FROM AN ANCESTOR OF MODERN HUMANS

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primates: grasping hands, flexible limgs,good sense of vision,
homosapiens:bepedal,small flat teeth,lack fur, we act according to reason rather than on instinct, large brain, intelligent, language

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ENDOCAST

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a copy or cast of the inside of a skull, reflecting the general shape and arrangement of the brain and its various parts

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OLDOWAN TOOLS

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early pebble tools and flakes belonging to the basal paleolithic;

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HANDAXES(ACHEULEAN AXES)

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large teardrop, stone tool w/a point and broader base;found in acheul france;

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HOMO HABILIS

(thomas Leaky)

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-first member of our own genus-2.5 mya-increase in brain size-long arms-sexual dimorphism-

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HOMO ERECTUS(1.9mya)

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-evolved from home habilis-found in northern kenya-walked upright-brain size midway of australophithecus and humans

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HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTALENSIS

(marcelin boule)

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somewhere between ape and human

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HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
(fully modern humans;FMH)

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-created art,invented tools,made tailored clothing,counting, spread all over the world

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PALEOLITHIC

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first period of human prehistory, 2.5mya,flaked stone tools, old stone age

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CHANGES IN PALEOLITHIC TIME FRAME

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BASAL PAL:oldowon tools 2.5mya
Lower PAL:1.9mya, homo erectus,acheulan assemblages,
MID. PAL:neanderthals/homo sapians
UPPER PAL:400,000ya

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NEOLITHIC(new stone age)

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early farmers w/domesticated plants and animals, stone tools, villages, pottery

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MOUSTERIAN

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culture from middle paleolithic,artifacts are frequently associated with neanderthal human remains

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UPPER PALEOLITHIC

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last major division of the old world paleolithic, about 40,000 y.a. and lasting until end of pleistocene

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BERINGIA

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-dry land between 60 and 13,000 years ago.-walked from asia across bering strait-came from asia

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BOUCHER DE PERTHES
(SOMME RIVER)

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discovered flint tools;paleolithic handaxes;found bones of mammaals;

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CHARLES LYELL

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wrote "geological evidences of the antiquity of man"

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CHARLES DARWIN

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theory of evolution;survival of the fittest

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THE LEAKEYS

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Louis:found stone tools
MARY: first hominin skull:discovered laetoli footprints

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DONALD JOHANSON

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discovered LUCY,found first family, 7 individuals,

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WALTER TAYLOR

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conjunctive approach,a multidisciplinary approach to archaeological studies-said that archaeologists focus less on temples and moreon the lives of common people

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LEWIS BINFORD

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advocated procesual arch;how arch. sites are formed through natural processes;ethnoarchaeology:the study of cultures to infer and understand what material cultures and site formation processes tell us about human behavior)

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KENNEWICK MAN

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(94000 years old, shishone tribe, found in columbia river;controversy on whether he should be available for research or returned to native americans

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TRINIL

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-discovery of homo erectus in java-found by eugene dubois-sea level was lower and island was part of SE asia;

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ZHOUKOUDIAN

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tooth found, from dragon bone hill;limestone caves;evidence of living places, tools, built fires, ate died left;toolls wer efound, animal bones found, 96 mamalian species;increase in brain size over time;

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KALAMBO FALLS

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200,000 years of human occupations are preserved in the water deposits;disvered by desmond clark;handaxes and cleavers of acheulean tradition;evidence for use and consumption of plants is preserved; eveidence for meat eating;acidic conditions removed bone, but preserved plants;evidence of fire;diet of homo erectus

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OLORGESALIE

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documents meat eating in acheulean of africa;handaxes and animal bones;good bone preservation; large baboons;evidence of humans hunting baboons;diet of homo erectus

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ATAPUERCA

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900,000 year old site;remains of first europeans;bones not found until 1990's;

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GRAN DOLINA

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relevant to homo erectus;oldest discovered humans on europe;layer six has bones of animal species;stone tools;handaxes and flakes;human fossil fragments;chopping marks and cutting;humans butchered animals and possibly humans;cannibalism

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SIMA DE LOS HUESOS "pit of bones"

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largest set of human remains;32 individuals;intentionally put into a pit;burial of the dead

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KLASSIES RIVER MOUTH

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longest continuous sequences of human habitations;series of caves;from 60-120000 years ago;abundant marine life/resources;fully modern humans appeared here;cannibalism;early use of marine foods;attritional/natural death;catastrophic death;

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DOLNI VESTONICE

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mammoth hunters in easter europe;enormous bones;stone tools;summer and winter huts made of animal hides and wood poles and bones;

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LASCAUX

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mural art;paintings and engravings on walls of caves
portable art;carvings figurines an dother shaped or pieces that can be moved;from the upper paleolithic;discovered in 1940

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MONTE VERDE

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early gatherers in south america;tom dillehay discovered bone and stone artifacts and plant remains;wooden objects;tools;spears;monte verde i son both sides of a creek;occupied by 20-30 people;relied on plants and large animals