Anthropology Test 1

Front 1

Holism

Back 1

The study of the whole of the human condition---biological and cultural variation in time and space.

Front 2

Cultural anthropology

Back 2

The study of cultural differences and similarities among widespread human groups.

Front 3

Ethnography

Back 3

Ethnographic research
(scientific description of individual cultures). The anthropologist closely

Front 4

Complex societies

Back 4

Large and populous societies with social satisfaction and central governments
EX: United States and Canada

Front 5

Variables

Back 5

Attributes that vary among members of a sample or population

Front 6

Culture

Back 6

A way of life--traditions and customs--transmitted through learning, which play a vital role in modeling the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.

Front 7

Enculturation

Back 7

The process by which a child learns his or her culture.

Front 8

Anthropology

Back 8

The study of human biological and cultural diversity in time and space.

Front 9

Myth

Back 9

"What they say" Some stories are rooted in actual historical events

Front 10

Multicultural

Back 10

Several cultures

Front 11

Social predictors/indicators

Back 11

Examples: religion, region of country we grew up in, parent's professions, ethnic origins, income levels...etc...

Front 12

Symbol

Back 12

Something verbal or nonverbal, in a language or a culture, that comes to stand for something else.

Front 13

Culture trait

Back 13

An individual item in a culture, such as a particular belief, tool, or practice.

Front 14

Culture pattern

Back 14

A coherent set of interrelated traits

Front 15

Core values

Back 15

Key, basic, or central values

Front 16

Ideal culture

Back 16

Consists of what people say they should do and what they say they do.

Front 17

Real culture

Back 17

Refers to actual observed behavior

Front 18

Agency

Back 18

The actions that individuals take, both alone, and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities

Front 19

International culture

Back 19

Applies to culturally defined groups that extend across national boundaries

Front 20

National culture

Back 20

Refers to experiences, beliefs, customs, and values shared by people who have grown up in the same country.

Front 21

Subcultures

Back 21

The diverst cultural patterns and traditions associated with subgroups in the same country.

Front 22

Cultural relativism

Back 22

The view that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another.

Front 23

Universals

Back 23

The traits that tend to distinguish homo sapiens from other species. (kinship, family living, childcare, and food sharing)

Front 24

Generalities

Back 24

Regularities that occur in different times and places but not in all cultures.

Front 25

Particularities

Back 25

Traits or features of culture that are not generalized or widespread; rather, they are confined to a single place, culture, or society.

Front 26

Native anthropologist

Back 26

One who studies his or her own culture.

Front 27

Cultures are integrated and patterned differently and display tremendous variation and diversity.

Back 27

Cultures are integrated and patterned differently and display tremendous variation and diversity.

Front 28

Text

Back 28

Something that can be creatively "read," interpreted, and assigned meaning by anyone who receives it.

Front 29

Direct diffusion

Back 29

When two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another

Front 30

Forced diffusion

Back 30

When one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group.

Front 31

Acculturation

Back 31

The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.

Front 32

Independent invention

Back 32

The process by which humans innovate, creatively finding new solutions to old and new problems.

Front 33

Globalization

Back 33

Encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.

Front 34

Identity politics

Back 34

Describes the political mobilization of nonnational identities.

Front 35

Neoliberalism

Back 35

Encompasses a set of assumptions and economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25-30 years and that are being implemented in capitalist and developing countries, including postsocialist societies.

Front 36

Subaltern

Back 36

Lower in rank, subordinate, traditionally lacking an influential role in decision making.

Front 37

Civil society

Back 37

Voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values. Civil society encompasses NGOs

Front 38

Nongovermental organizations (NGOs)

Back 38

Registered, charities, community groups, women's organizations, faith-based and professional groups, trade unions, self-help groups, social movements, business associations etc....

Front 39

Human rights

Back 39

Challenges the nation-state by invoking a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions.

Front 40

Cultural rights

Back 40

Vested not in individuals but in identifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples.

Front 41

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

Back 41

Claimed as a group right: a cultural right, allowing indigenous groups to control who may and use their collective knowledge and its applications.

Front 42

Disapora

Back 42

The offspring of an area who have spread to many lands

Front 43

Postmodernity

Back 43

Describes our time and situation: today's world in flux, with people on the move who have learned to manage multiple identities depending on place and context.

Front 44

Postmodern

Back 44

The blurring and breakdown of established rules or standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.

Front 45

Postmodernism

Back 45

A style and movement in architecture that succeeded modernism, beginning in the 1970's. Rejected the rules.

Front 46

Hegemonic reading

Back 46

The reading or meaning that the creators intended, or the one that the elites consider to be the right meaning.

Front 47

Agency

Back 47

The active role that individuals play in interpreting, using, making, and remaking culture

Front 48

Indigenized

Back 48

Modified to fit the local culture

Front 49

Multicultural society

Back 49

The coesistence of culturally defined groups within a nation-state

Front 50

Cognitive ties

Back 50

What people think they know

Front 51

Assimilation

Back 51

The merging of groups and their traditions wichin a society that endorses a single common culture

Front 52

Pluralism

Back 52

Ethnic and racial difference should be allowed to thrive, so long as such diversity does not threaten dominant values and norms

Front 53

Multiculturalism (MC)

Back 53

1.) Recognizes a multiplicity of legitimate cultural cores or centers
2.) Acknowledges cultural criteria as the source of group formation
3.) Promotes Democratization and equity among groups

Front 54

Identity

Back 54

A psychological and political orientation that individuals construct and that is shared by people united by a common status or experience.

Front 55

Affinity groups

Back 55

MC as identity is expressed in the formation of affinity groups. These groups rival such institutions as the biological family, neighborhood, and local community. They take their place alondside older reference groups such as political parties, religious affiliations, unions, and professional organizations.

Front 56

Ideational solidarity

Back 56

Building relations, bonds, and loyalties through common knowledge.

Front 57

Mobilizing agents

Back 57

Elite members of minority groups who also belong to the national elite

Front 58

Heteromorphic

Back 58

Varied in appearance

Front 59

Culturelets

Back 59

Multiple centers (refers to MC)

Front 60

Identity politics

Back 60

The behavior and thought of culturally diverse categories of men and women who, by their personal choices, however biologically constrained or economically determined, create political realities.

Front 61

Homogeneity

Back 61

Biological, social, and cultural similarities of a group

Front 62

Heterogeneity

Back 62

Biological, social, and cultural differences of a group

Front 63

Essentialism

Back 63

A belief in natural and fixed characteristics of human categories
EX: females as sensitive or homosexuals as flamboyant

Front 64

Constructionism

Back 64

Refers to the cultural and malleable creations of social realities
EX: dosproportionate number of women in service jobs or gay men in the fine arts/theater

Front 65

Ethnic group

Back 65

Share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background

Front 66

Ethnicity

Back 66

Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

Front 67

Status

Back 67

Encompasses the various positions that people occupy in society

Front 68

Ascribed status

Back 68

One that people have little or not choice about occupying

Front 69

Achieved status

Back 69

Status that isn't automatic, but comes through traits, talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments

Front 70

Minority groups

Back 70

Subordinate, they have inferior power and less secure access to resources

Front 71

Majority groups

Back 71

Superordinate, dominate, or controlling

Front 72

Race

Back 72

An ethnic group that is assumed to have a biological basis

Front 73

Racism

Back 73

Discrimination against a race

Front 74

Nation/State

Back 74

An independent, centrally organized political unit, a government.

Front 75

Nation-state

Back 75

Such an autonomous political entity, a country, like the US or Canada

Front 76

Nationalities

Back 76

Ethnic groups that once had, or which to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country)

Front 77

Plural society

Back 77

A society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization and the economic interdependence of those groups

Front 78

Prejudice

Back 78

Devaluing on a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes

Front 79

Stereotypes

Back 79

Fixed ideas, often unfavorable

Front 80

Discrimination

Back 80

Refers to policies and practices that harm a group and its members

Front 81

Attitudinal discrimination

Back 81

People discriminate against members of a group because they are prejudiced toward that group.

Front 82

Genocide

Back 82

The deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

Front 83

Institutional discrimination

Back 83

Programs, policies, and institutional arrangements that deny equal rights and opportunities, to, or differentially harm, members of particular groups

Front 84

Environmental racism

Back 84

The systemic use of institutionally based power by whites to formulate policy decisions that will lead to the disproportionate burden of environmental hazards in minority communities

Front 85

Leveling mechanisms

Back 85

Customs of social actions that operate to reduce differences in wealth and bring standouts in line with community norms

Front 86

Ethnocide

Back 86

When a dominate group tries to destroy the cultures of certain ethnic groups

Front 87

Forced assimilation

Back 87

Forcing people to adopt a culture

Front 88

Ethnic expulsion

Back 88

Aims at removing groups that are culturally different from a country

Front 89

Refugees

Back 89

People who have been forced (involuntary refugees) or have chosen (voluntary refugees) to flee a country, to escape persecution or war.

Front 90

Colonialism

Back 90

A form of oppression refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time

Front 91

First World

Back 91

The democratic west

Front 92

Second World

Back 92

The Warsaw Pact nations: former Soviet Union, the socialist and once-socialist countries of eastern Europe and Asia

Front 93

Third World

Back 93

The less-developed or developing countries

Front 94

Cultural colonialism

Back 94

Internal domination by one group and its culture/ideology over others

Front 95

AIT

Back 95

Advanced information technology: iPods, cell phones, computers