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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology
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-the study of biological and cultural similarities and differences of all human beings in all place and in all time periods
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Name the four subfields of anthropology
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Biological/Physical, Sociocultural, Archaeology and Anthropological Linguistics
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Biological/Physical Anthropology
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-subfield, studies humans a biological species such as human genetics, primatology and paleoanthropology
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Paleoanthropology
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study of human evolution and the behavior of early human ancestors through the analysis of fossil remains, the ancient environment
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Primatology
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study of relationships links between humans and primates
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Sociocultural Anthropology
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subfield, focuses on human cultural behaviors and cultural systems and the variation in cultural expression among human groups
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Name the 3 subfields of sociocultural anthropology
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Ethnography, ethnology and construct theory
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Ethnography vs Ethnology
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1) detailed study of a group of people usually over a relatively short time
2) comparative studies of cultures through longer periods |
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Archaeology
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Subfield, focus is on reconstructing the past cultural systems by excavating what they have left behind
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Anthropological Linguistics
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subfield, describes characteristics of human language and studies relationships b/w languages and the cultures that speak them
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Theory vs Belief
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A theory is something that you can test and explain the events that happened with scientific methods, belief you cannot
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Estrus
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Big red swelling on primates bottom to show that the woman is ovulating and ready to mate
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Difference between males and females, smaller differences in humans than other animals (height, muscle mass and lung capacity)
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Who was the first group to develop language
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>australopithecus: using sign communication and vocal calls
>neanderthals: no vowel sounds >modern homo sapiens: really develops |
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First group to develop tools and what type of tools were they
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Homo Habilis, stone tools for scraping bone marrow out of leftover carcuses
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What is the difference between Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area
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help us to develop and use language
>Brocas: produce sounds, grammar, production >Wernicke's: understand language, comprehension |
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Meiosis
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process by which sex cells are produced, mixing of parental chromosomes, 23 pairs
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Race
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>biologically, it is a subpopulation or variety of species differing somewhat in the frequency of certain alleles from other populations of the same species
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What does language further?
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economic cooperation and behavioral changes
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Demonstrate how language develops other traits
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Language>tool making>economic cooperation>language
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Species*
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taxonomic names after genus
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Phenotype vs Genotype
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phenotype:chemical or physical results of genetic code, observable traits (hair color, eye color)
genotype: genetic structure of the individual or population, TOTAL complement of inherited traits or genes of organism |
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Gloger's Rule
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Darker skin is more beneficial in Souther Parts where the UV is high to block it but still absorb necessary vitamin d
Lighter skin is better in the north for absorbing more vitamin D where there is not much sun |
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Bergmann's Rule
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Long and lean people have a bigger surface area that promotes cooling of body
Short and Stocky people have more mass and less SA that stores in heat |
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Allen's Rule
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regarding body extremities, in relation to gloger's rule of surface area
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Racism
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us: rule of hypo descent (offspring receive racial designation of minority parent)
brazil: race can change south africa: japanese are white |
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What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination
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>Prejudice is the negative attitude toward a group of people and discrimination is the acting out on the prejudice (denial of opportunities)
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Name all the stone ages in order
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Old Stone Age: Old Old Stone Age, Middle Old Stone Age and Late Old Stone Age
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What are the two halves of the Old Old Stone Age?
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Old Old Stone Age
>1st Half of Lower Paleolithic: first tool technology is called Oldowan >2.5 to 1.5 mya >2nd Half of Lower Paleolithic: tool technology called acheulian >1.4 mya to 200,000 ya |
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Oldowan Tools: when did they come about (what period) and what type of tools where they, what is the process called and who were they made by
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1st Half of Lower Paleolithic, hammer stone to knock off flakes, this process is called percussion flaking, homo habilis
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Acheulian Tools: when did they come about (what period) and what type of tools where they and what is the process called
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2nd Half of Lower Paleolithic, more advanced flaking and most typical tool is hand ax, soft hammer technique (Baton method), homo erectus
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Microliths
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flakes from stone
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Middle Old Stone Age: what group is associated with this age and what type of tools did they make
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Archaic homo sapiens (Neanderthals) and made mousterian tools
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Describe mousterian tools
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used the Levalloisian technique, improved percussion flaking producing flakes of predetermined sizes, used for lots of things, used the flakes
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During what period did the first evidence of purposeful burials come?
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Middle Old Stone Age, Archaic Homo Sapiens: can tell by position, large amount of pollen (flowers) and body painted
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Late Old Stone Age: what group is associated with this age, what type of tools did they make and what new tool making techniques were developed
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Modern H Sapiens, made tools such as the bow and arrow, spear thrower and microliths that could be fitted into handles, new tool making techniques such as indirect percussion and pressure flaking
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Cave Art*
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t
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Model of Evolution
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environment--->mutations--->physical traits/change--->behavior--->back to environmental changes
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Taxonomy
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classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships
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Miocene Period*
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22.5 mya, first apes in this time period, we did not evolve from them but we share common traits
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Traits of Primates
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chimpanzees: sense of self-recognition
color vision, hand-eye coordination, grasp with fingers, make tools for need |
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Who was the first hominid?
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Ardipithecus ramidus: walk upright and quadraped, environment was changing
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Hominid
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primates who walk upright habitually
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Bipedalism
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served several functions in their changing environments
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