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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural selection |
acts on this variation, resulting in differences in reproductive success among individuals |
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Evolution |
A change in allele frequency from one generation to the next |
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Allele Frequency |
the % of all the alleles at the locus accounted for by one specific allele, in a population |
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Population |
within a species, a community of individuals where mates are found |
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Gene Pool |
all the genes shared by the reproductive members of a population |
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Mutation |
Point Mutation |
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Genetic Drift |
Founder Effect |
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Evolutionary Systematics & Cladistics |
-attempt to reconstruct evolutionary rel’n -construct classifications that reflect evolutionary rel’n -use characters to compare organisms -focus on homologies |
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Mammals |
are hairy, toothy, warm blooded vertebrates |
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Primates are |
Eutherians |
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There are two other kinds of mammals: |
-Marsupials (kangaroos, opossums) -Monotermes(Platypus) |
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Eutherian mammals: |
-High Energy -Enhanced Sensory Perception -Reacting –Flexible Behaviour -High Reproductive Effort |
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Characteristics of Primates: limbs and locomotion |
-Tendency toward erect posture -Flexible, generalized limb structure -Engage in several locomotive behaviours |
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Characteristics of Primates: hands and feet |
-High degree of grasping ability -5 digits on hands and feet -Opposable thumb and partially opposable hallux- Nails -Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibres at the end of digits |
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Characteristics of Primates: Senses and Brain |
-Colour vision (except for nocturnal primates) -3-D stereoscopic vision -Post-orbital bar -Decreased reliance on olfaction -Expansion and increased complexity of the brain |
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Characteristics of Primates: Maturation, Learning and Behavior |
-Longer gestation, fewer offspring, delayed maturation and longer life span -Greater dependence on learned behavior -Tendency to live in social groups -Tendency for diurnal activity patterns |
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Quadrupedal: |
using all 4 limbs in locomotion |
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Knuckle walking |
upper body weight is supported by the knuckles |
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Brachiation |
using forelimbs to swing between tree branches |
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New World Primates |
-long tail -narrow thorax & Lateral Scapula -grasping foot -stable elbow joint |
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Old World Primates |
-reduced Tail -short digits -restricted shoulder joint |
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Brachiation |
-Long Fingers & Reduced Thumb -Long Forelimb -Mobile Shoulder -Broad Thorax -Short Lumbar Region -Short Hindlimb |
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Vertical Clingers and Leapers |
-Long Legs & Back -Long Digits |
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Teeth difference between humans and new world monkey's |
New World Monkeys have 3rd premolar |
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Strepsirhines: lemurs, lorises, and relatives |
-Usually nocturnal -Usually insectivores -Usually arboreal -Often solitary -More olfactory -Dental comb -Grooming claws -Rhinarium -Tapetumlucidum |
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Haplorhines: Tarsiers & Anthropoids |
-Larger brain & body size -Reduced reliance on smell -Greater degree of colour vision -Enclosed orbits -Longer gestation & maturation periods -Fused mandible -Usually diurnal, social & omnivorous |
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Cercopithecines: |
-more generalized than colobines -omnivorous -cheek pouches -usually live in social groups |
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Colobines: |
-Mainly folivorous -Mostly in Asia -Live in small groups |
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4 genera: |
-Hylobates -Symphalangus -Hooklock -Nomascus |
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Hominines |
African apes and humans |
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Pongines |
Asian great ape |
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Hominids: Great Apes and Humans |
-Large Body Mass -Large Brains -Complex, flexible social behavior -Tool use -Slow growth -Few offspring |
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Paired |
parietals, temporals, nasals |
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Unpaired |
frontal, occipital, mandible |
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Cranium |
no mandible |
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Skull |
cranium and mandible |
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Neurocranium |
braincase |
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Hinge: |
movement is limited to flexion & extension |
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Pivot: |
rotation |
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Condylar/Bi-condylar: |
concave-convex joints |
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Ball & socket: |
multi-axial movement |
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Planar: |
flat, sliding |
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Sellar: |
saddle shaped, convex in 1 plane & concave in the other |
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Irregular: |
rough surface covered in cartilage, very little mobility |
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Synostosis: |
sutures |
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Syndesmoses: |
more separated, ligaments and/or membranes, some mobility |
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Gomphoses: |
peg-hole joints with intervening soft tissue, very little mobility |
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Cartilaginous Primary: |
diaphysis-epiphysis (synchondrosis), fuse by adulthood |
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CartilaginousSecondary: |
cartilaginous disks, fibrocartilaginous (symphysis) |
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permineralization |
= process by which pore spaces are filled with a mineral sub |
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casts |
‐casts are produced when the space between the impression is filled with mineral |
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molds |
-molds are made when shell material leaves an imprint on the surrounding sediment |
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Paleoecology |
-the study of the rela*onship to the paleoenvironment with fossil organisms AND the fossil organisms’ interac*ons with each other |
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Ecomorphology |
What an organism looks like provides informa*on about the rel’n between an organism and its environme |
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Paleoclimate |
Temporal varia*on in species diversity and abundance to iden*fy climate-‐driven evolu*onary change |
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Taphonomy |
Study of the processes that caused fossiliza*on |
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The ‘Big Four’ Euprimate Characteristics |
1) Improvements to the visual system 2) Grasping extremities 3) Leaping characteristics of the skeleton 4) Low-crowned teeth with bunodont cusps and broad talonid basins |
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Altiatlasius |
Earliest likely euprimate – late Paleocene, Morocco |
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Cantius |
Earliest euprimate – early Eocene, North America & Europe |
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Teilhardina |
Early euprimate – early Eocene, North America, Europe & Asia |
