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132 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Who was Franz Boas and what is significant about him?
He is the father of American anthropology. He is the one who was against racisms and believed that we were actually a lot closer than everyone else in his time period thought we were. It turns out that he is right.
Define cultural relativism.
Anthropologists try to be cultural relavists which means that they do not believe that one culture is superior to another culture. They look at cultures and study them objectively.
Who was Bronislaw Malinowski and what is significant about him?
He, along with Franz Boas, were scholars that realized direct observations produced more accurate data.

Invented functionalism
Define functionalism.
Culture makes sense to the people and fits the people’s needs
What is anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of everything human. It looks at what it means to be human at every point in the history of our species. It also looks at how modern humans came to be.
List the four subfields of anthropology.
Physical
Archeological
Linguistic
Cultural
Describe physical anthropology.
This is the study of the human body and how it evolved. The study of primates and how humans evolved from primates is also included in this field. Many of the ideas of this field are also found in biology. However, biology does not use any culture to explain the organisms it studies.
Define culture and ethnocentrism.
Culture is the ideas of people and everything that they do and believe in. Culture is based on the patterns and behaviors that individuals learn from the older people around them.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture is superior to another culture.
Define ethnic group.
a social group of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural, or national experience.
What is evolution? (Describe mutation, genetic drift, natural selection and gene flow)
Evolution is the idea that organisms change over time. Charles Darwin developed this idea along with natural selection. The ideas of evolution is that not all organisms are equally fit to survive in the environment. The organisms that survive are better suited for their environment.
What is the significance of Sumer?
Oldest state on Earth
What is the significance of Tikal?
-One of the largest lowland Mayan cities
-Flourished for more than 1000 years
-45 K residents by 500 A.D. (Mutal)
What is the significance of Laetoli?
-Tanzania
-Trail of footprints found preserved in a layer of volcanic ash
-Confirmed to have been produced by hominid bipedal locomotion 3.6 million years ago
What is the significance of Catal Hoyuk?
9,500 years ago
What is the significance of Uruk?
-First true city 5,500 years ago
-Complex organization with priests, bureaucrats and traders
What is the significance of Jericho?
-First sedentary farming village
-11,000 years ago
-Possibly first religion
What is Chan Chan?
-Peru
-Largest pre-columbian city in South America
List the details of Cahokia and why they are significant.
Greater than Chiefdom. Not full state. Underrated. Huge trade networks in depth religion. Elevated the chief’s house with the earth mounds.
What is the significance of Cofitachequi?
Native American culture in the southeast. Big trade network?
What are the differences between Stepsirrhines and Haplorrhines?
Strepsirrhines→ Attached Rhinarium, orbital bar open to sides, smaller brains, many have tooth combs, grooming claws, more reliance on smell

Haplorrhines →Upper lip detached, closed orbits, larger brains, no tooth combs or grooming claws, manuel dexterity, more reliance on vision
What are the differences between apes and monkeys?
Monkeys→ Most have tails, long narrow torso, arms and legs are similar length, limited shoulder joints, smaller brained

Apes→ No tails, short broad human-like torso, arms longer than legs, suspensory shoulder with complete circumduction, larger brained
What are the differences between Hominins and hominoids?
Hominoids are human beings as well as all the apes that are alive on the earth.

The hominins are the immediate and extinct ancestors of man.
What are the characteristics of Homo erectus?
Time period: 1.7 mya- 30 kya

Brain Size: 900-1100 cc (Overlaps with low end of modern)

Biology: More upright, taller, thinner

Tools: Archeulean, more symmetry, more planning, more imagination

Where: Africa, Asia, Southeast Europe
What are the characteristics of Homo sapiens?
Time: 200 kya- Present

Brain Size: 1350 modern

Biology: Flat face, upright, high forehead, lighter build

Tools: Modern technology

Where: Everywhere
What are the characteristics of Homo neandertalensis?
Time: 130- 35 kya

Brain Size: 1430 cc- 1520 cc

Biology: Shorter, stalkier (For the cold)

Tools: Mousterian Specialized archeulean

Where: Europe and Southwest Asia
What are the characteristics of Homo habilis?
Time: 2-1.7 mya

Brain Size: 650 cc

Biology: Slightly biped

Tools: Olduwan

Where: East/Central Africa
What are the characteristics of Homo floresiensis?
Time: 45 kya

Brain Size: Find
Biology: Find
Tools: Find

Where: Some island...We killed them (?)
What are the characteristics of Australopithecus?
"Southern Apes"= best known hominin genus
Bipeds
Different subspecies of australopithecus
What are the characteristics of Sahelanthropus?
-Possibly the first hominid.
-Nicknamed "Toumai" which means "hope of life" in the Goran Language of Chad
-7 million years ago
-May be a biped
Describe the early human tools made by the Oldowan.
Oldowan tools were very simple. They were made by just hitting two rocks together and breaking one of them. (Homo habilis)
Describe the early human tools made by the Acheulean.
Acheulean tools were more symmetrical and evolved many hits with a stone and chips in specific places. These were a very large jump in intelligence because the people who made these would have been able to see the tools envisioned in their minds before they were created. Also, it is thought that the people who made these tools could have needed some form of communication. (Homo erectus)
Describe the early human tools made by the Mousterian.
Mousterian tools were made of flint and were found with the homo neanderthalensis. These tools were very sophisticated and are a lot like the tools of humans of this time.
Describe the early human tools made by the Upper Paleolithic.
Upper Paleolithic: the tools for this time period are much more elaborate than anything that was seen before this time. These tools had many specific uses and were often very decorative. These decorations suggested that they were special and could have had cultural or religious significance.
Describe the difference between the Out-of-Africa and Multi-regional theories.
Out of Africa: Homo sapiens are able to out compete all other forms of there ancestors and possibly killed some of them. We came out of Africa as well and then spread and replaced others after the Toba eruption.

Multiregional: We do still come out of Africa, however we interbreed with other hominins as we come out of Africa and spread throughout the world. We were the most favored phenotype and did survive, however we now contain some DNA from different hominins. It has been shown that we interbred with Neanderthals, Bonatvans and a 3rd unknown species. This theory is more likely to have happened.
Describe Neandertal/Human interbreeding.
Modern humans interbred with neandertal. Evidence in our dna. More in European DNA because they existed in Europe.
What are the differences between Paleolithic and Neolithic?
Paleolithic- Small populations in a big world, lots of space to expand and hunt animals, no need to domesticate plants or animals, no disease or obesity.

Neolithic- Population growth and expansion meant there wasn't much space to move forcing us to modify our own environments, domesticated the dog, hunted smaller game, began fishing, began farming, disease came because of population growth and sedentism.
What are the differences between agriculture and hunting and gathering?
Hunting and Gathering: Dangers of falling, old age and being eaten. Breastfeed for 2-5 years meaning smaller populations. Had a lot of free time and a less varied diet.

Agriculture/Farming: Dangers of infectious disease, tooth and bone abscesses, malnutrition, starvation, organized violence. Breastfed for less time meaning larger population to provide more labor. Not a lot of free time. Nutritional deficiencies more common.
What are the differences between Pastoralism and Horticulture?
P→domesticate animals, through that artificial selection we shaped animals to be what we want
H→Basically same thing but with plants. Bigger yields, more hearter, survive droughts.
What are the differences between relative and absolute archeological dating?
Relative: Seriation and stratigraphy

Absolute: C-14, K-Ar, Dendrochronology
What is C14 dating?
-Based one decay of C-14
-5730 year half life
-C14 is formed when cosmic radiation affects Co2 which absorbs into organic material
-Approximately 62,000 year max
What is K-Ar dating?
-Change form K to Ar
-1.3 billion year half life
-Most effective starting at 200,000 years
What is dendrochronology?
-Tree ring dating
-Can show rainfall, environmental conditions
-11,000 year maximum
What is stratigraphy and seriation?
Seriation- creating a chronological order of artifacts, serried timeline

Stratigraphy- analysis of depth, law of superposition (different layers of soil indicate different ages), stuff thats deeper is older
What are the effects of domestication on plants and animals?
-Animals like goats lost their horns because they posed a threat to us so we killed them.

-Dogs became friendlier and more helpful to humans

-Wheat yielded more grain which stuck more to the stalk because shattering grains were brown away and not given a chance to grow
What are the characteristics of bands?
Bands→Less than 100, No Leaders, Hunter Gatherers, No permanent buildings
What are the characteristics of tribes?
Tribes→Up to a few thousand, “collection of bands”, No coercion, No real centralization, achieved status, sedentary or semi-sedentary, Example: Historic Mandan Indians
What are the characteristics of chiefdoms?
Chiefdom→5,000-20,000, Ranked society (ascribed status), Some centralization, rudimentary bureaucracy (Born with power), fully sedentary Example: Cahokia
What are the characteristics of states?
20,000+, Class/Caste Based, Centralized government, urban, sedentary, public works/monuments, True cities, Specialization of Labor, Social Stratification, Example: The Maya
What are Phonemes?
Phonemes→Minimal units of sounds
What are Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes?
Morphemes→Minimal units of meaning

• Free Morphemes can stand alone
o Care, love, father, honest, quick, car

• Bound Morphemes cannot
o -ing, -ly, -s
What are historical linguistics?
Branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages
What are sociolinguistics?
The study of language and its social contexts
What are ethno-linguistics?
The study of the meaning of words, especially as they relate to folk taxonomy
What are descriptive linguistics?
The study of the structure of language and language variation
What is the Sapir/Whorf hypothesis?
Give an example.
Language has the power to shape the way people see the world. It affects the way we think about things. People tend to develop larger vocabularies to discuss those aspects of life that are relevant to them.

Examples:
-We have a bunch of colors but the Dani of New Guinea only have two. Because there are less words to describe color, it is a less major part of their interactions.
-Kuuk Thayorre only use cardinal directions, no relative terms. This forces them to always remain oriented and as such they have become much better with directions.
What are the differences between Pidgins and Creoles?
Pidgins→Hybrid languages, incomplete languages, part of grammar and part of vocabulary

Creoles→Developed from Pidgins, English is a creole
What is dialect sociolinguistics?
Basically just pronouncing things differently based on where you're from.

WARSH
What is power sociolinguistics?
Talking to professors with respect. These power relationships become naturalized and are human invention.
What is ethnicity sociolinguistics?
The study of the meaning of words, especially as they relate to folk taxonomy
o Folk taxonomy-System of classification
Example: racial classifications
-In Colonial Mexico: 15 Categories
-1976 Brazil: 134 Categories
What is gender sociolinguistics?
Different gender talk differently
What is class sociolinguistics?
Talk differently based on your class
What is code-switching sociolinguistics?
Shifting from one linguistic form to another, often dependent upon social situation.
What are cognates?
Words that are similar between languages.
What is Indo-European?
140 languages, 6,000 years of language divergence, other major categories are Austronesia and Africanistic
What are linguistic isolates?
Japanese, Basque, and Quechua
What is English?
English is Germanic and part of the Indo-European
What is monogamy marriage?
Marriage to one person
-Heterosexual monogamy is the most preferred type of marriage
What is polygyny marriage?
Marriage to multiple wives
-Done because women are good laborers
-Speeds up population growth
What is polygamy marriage?
Marriage to multiple spouses
-Done for economic reasons
-Done for political prestige
-Done for reproductive balance
What is polyandry marriage?
Marriage to many husbands (Less preferred)
-Done because men are good laborers
-Done for inheritance
-Done because it slows population growth

*Fraternal Polyandry- Eskimo Brothers
What are the differences between exogamy and endogamy?
Exogamy- Marriage outside of a class or clan

Endogamy- Marriage within a class/caste village or clan/lingeage
What is the difference between bride wealth and bride price?
Bride Wealth- The transfer of important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride upon marriage

Bride Price-
What is bride service?
Work for girl’s father to get permission for marriage. Farm labor societies. Completely up to dad.
What is dowry?
Wealth Transferred to groom by the bride and her family
What is Matrilineal descent?
Men and women belong to a lineage formed by mother-child connections

Father isn't a significant part of the kid's life
What is Patrilineal descent?
Men and women belong to a lineage formed by father-child connections

More common
What is Bilineal descent?
An individual is a member of both the matrilineal and the patrilineage.
What is ambilineal descent?
An individual must choose either their patrilineage or their matrilineage
What are clans descent?
A group of people who believe they have a common ancestor even if they cannot specify the genealogical links.
What are moieties descent?
If society is split in half

Intended to produce a balanced opposition in society because they have reciprocal responsibilities
What is post-marital residence- Patrilocal?
The married couple lives with or near the husband's family.
-Observed by more societies now than any other residence pattern
-Core of the new group is male (Man, his brothers, and their sons)
-Common in herding and farming societies
What is post-marital residence- Matrilocal?
The married couple lives with or near the wife's family.
-Usually associated with matrilineal systems
-Core of the new group is female (Woman, her sisters, their daughters)
-Common in groups practicing extensive agriculture
What is post-marital residence- ambilocal?
Married couple may choose either patrilocal or Matrilocal residence

Bushmen, Kung
What is post-marital residence- Neolocal?
The new couples sets up an independent household wherever they want.
-Most common pattern in North America
What is post-marital residence- Avunculocal?
New couple lives with the husband's mother's brother.
-Uncle is most significant man in a boy's matrilineage
What are kinship charts?
network of relatives in which individuals possess mutual rights and obligation
kinship is practiced in all societies, but rules of kinship do differ


triangle: male
circle: female
= marriage bond
l descent bond
-- coescent bond
triangle = circle: parents
What are Eskimo kinships?
1 of 7 or 8 kinship systems we use to describe kinship across the world
What are ambilineal kinships?
Descent in which an individual may associate either either the father’s or the mother’s descent group
have to choose between mother’s and father’s descent group, both are trying to convince you to join their kin group → fights in family

bushmen are amibilineal- choose kin group at adulthood
What are Sudanese kinships?
different words for almost every relative, 8 possible words just for cousins

lacks broad categories like “grandparents” “my cousins”

***will be on exam
What are Iroquois kinships?
Cross cousin system, can marry cross cousins
one term for father and father’s brother
one term for mother and mother’s sister
different term for father’s sister and mother’s brother
parallel cousins are viewed as brothers and sisters
cross cousins are viewed as cousins - permissible for marriage

yanomano practice this
in iroquois
South India
What are Hawaiian kinships?
All the people of a certain age and gender have the same name. everyone whos your age and is a boy is brother
What are the differences between cross-cousins versus parallel cousins?
Cross-cousins--> Dad's sister's kids or mom's brother's kids
-Yanomamo and Hopi think this is fair game

Parallel Cousins-->Dad's brother's kids or mom's sister's kids
What are incest taboos?
Exogamous pattern because no one likes incest
Definition of cross versus parallel varies
What defines sex?
Observable physical characteristics which distinguish males from females
What defines gender?
Cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex
What defines intersexuality?
Different types of sex and genders exhibited by the following categories
What is Turner's Syndrome?
Monosomy X. Phenotypically female but infertile with other defects. Gender identity usually female.
What is AIS?
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Genotype XY but phenotypically female
What is Klinefelter's?
Genotype XXY. Phenotypically male but with female secondary sex characteristics. Gender identity usually male.
What are Third Genders?
Not strictly male or female. Sometimes not respected in mainstream society.
What is generalized reciprocity?
Value of gifts is not calculated and repayment terms are never specified

Buying a bro a beer, giving a gift
What is balanced reciprocity?
Giving and receiving are specific about value of goods and time of repayment

I'll get this pitcher but you get the next one.
What is negative reciprocity?
Exchanging something for less than it is worth
What is redistribution reciprocity?
goods/money/services absorbed by a central place- given back out in some form (in the form of services)

ex) chief in chiefdom
goods are given to chiefs and given back out
ex) government of state
taxes
U.S. uses mechanism of IRS- funds government, production, military, projects
maintan power through displays of wealth
ex) U.S. government can spend more money than any government on earth- U.S. military is strongest in world- big display of wealth and power
reward their supporters
ex) U.S. gives contracts to corporations that support government
in house set of economic flows that benefit those who support us
give goods to make alliances
ex) U.S. giving Egypt $$$ to maintain relationship with Egypt- maintain stability to fund government
provide for the poor in times of trouble
ex) U.S. - institutions for poor when they become impoverished or when there is a natural disaster
What is Kula Ring?
A seemingly insignificant transfer of a necklace and an armband was found to maintain a delicate system of trade-induced peace.
What are consumption differences?
Foraging societies- live minimalist lives with only a few finite needs. Pretty much everyone has an equal amount of stuff.

Industrial societies- Consumerism means we want a lot of things. Infinite needs. Amount of stuff differs based on class, race, gender, and age.
What is a potlatch?
A big display of wealth in which a host offers gifts to the guests and willingly bankrupts himself in order to gain social prestige. The host would very often late be the recipient of gists after he himself becomes a respected member of society resulting in a cyclic flow of goods.
What are Big Man/Woman societies?
People gather up large fortunes of gifts and stuff and give it away to people resulting in a massive increase in their social standing. Prestige came with generosity and political power came with prestige. Any gift recipients were expected to return a gift of equal or greater value so there is actually very little net exchange in goods in these societies.
What are leveling mechanisms?
Exist to keep people from getting too rich or too poor.

Charity or income tax
What is competitive generosity?
Generosity with alternative motive
What is expected generosity?
Generosity that is expected
What are Miskito and Turtles?
Used turtles for meat, prestige, debt and income
What are the consequences of the Fur Trade in North America? (Beaver and Deer)
People gained power though hunting prowess

Cherokee hunted deer which allowed younger men into the economy.
Iroquois hunted beaver for hats that led to a bunch of other tragic events
What is Animism?
Form of religion in the Paleolithic and early religion that focus on objects having personal spirits
What is Animatism?
Power or energy flows through everything
What is Divine kingship?
The ruler uses God to justify why they should be in power
What is polytheism?
Many gods
What is monotheism?
Only one god
What are Cargo Cults?
A belief system in the Pacific during WWII where the natives mimicked the USA in order to get the cargo that they had.
What are priests?
A person skilled in the practice of religious rituals which are carried out for the benefit of the group or individual members of the group. Major role is to mediate such contact by ensuring that the required ritual activity has been properly performed. Found in hierarchal societies.
What are Shamans?
A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact invisible powers directly on behalf of individuals or groups. Often thought to be able to travel to the cosmic realm to communicate with the beings or forces that dwell there. They often plead with those beings or forces to act in favor of their people and may return with messages for them.

The term comes from the Tungus of eastern Siberia where it referred to a religious specialist who has the ability to enter a trance through which he or she is believed to enter into direct contact with spiritual beings and guardian spirits for the purposes of healing, fertility, protection, and aggression in a ritual setting.
What is witchcraft?
The Azande believed that mangu or witchcraft was a substance in the body of witches generally located under the sternum that grew as the body grow, therefore the older the witch the more potent his or her witchcraft. Azande believed children inherited it from their parents. Men practiced against other men. Women against women.
What are the rites of passage and liminality?
Every society has a rite of passage. This can be to become an adult or to be a certain job or to become something religiously. You go from separation-transition-incorporation.

Transition is the liminality part of it. This is the point where the change has been made. Crossing the border in the right of passage.
What are the largest religions in the world?
Christianity, then Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism
What are the largest religions in the United States?
Christianity
What is Koro?
Koro is known as genital retraction syndrome. It is the fear that the penis will withdraw into your body. For women it is the fear that breasts or other sexual characteristics will withdraw. The people are obsessed with the fear of someone stealing their penis through witchcraft or it withdrawing. Papua New Guineans people will mutilate their body by doing something like putting a fish hook in their penis to make sure it doesn't withdraw. In 2008, 14 people were arrested in Democratic Republic of Congo for penis-snatching. Rumors spread through mass texts. Koro means head of the turtle in Malay.
What/who are Kuru?
Kuru exists among the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea. Kuru is ritual endo-cannibalism which means they eat their own dead. It's usually a small amount like a bite of the brain. Doing this led to the death of 1100 people, 8 times more women than men. The people had a human priyan disease and eating the brain of the person who died from it caused it to keep spreading. Women processed the dead bodies so they were 8 times more likely to take a bite of the brain and 8 times more likely to get the disease.
What is Amok?
Amok- Malaysia
• Cultural-bound disorder→recognized disorder for people to “run amok” where they run around and just start killing people
• They encouraged Amok during battles and war
• Unstoppable rage and destroy anything they could
• Similar to going postal and school shootings in the U.S.
• Pretty rare outside the United States and Malaysia
What/who are Wendigo?
• Wendigo psychosis- cannibal spirit of winter, some stories talk about them eating people’s heart
• Cree/Ojibwe people tend to believe in Wendigo. Does not exist in any other society
• Northern Native America
• People who become mentally ill believe they are becoming a Wendigo, and usually kill themselves due to fear of killing and eating their families
• Most likely a localized version of schizophrenia
Describe archeological anthropology.
This field looks at the left overs of ancient people by digging them up in the ground. This field studies how societies developed and how they became our modern civilization. Not paleontology which is the study of dinosaurs.
Describe linguistic anthropology.
The study of how language came to be. This field is not part of anthropology in Europe because their language is much older and there is a lot more literature to study. In America, the language of the native people (Native Americans) is not as well developed or recorded, so linguistics in included under anthropology.
Describe cultural anthropology.
This field of anthropology is interested in how different populations live their daily lives. They often will move into a culture and study them by completely immersing themselves in the culture for long periods of time.