Anthropology Final

Front 1

What is enculturation?

Back 1

the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next.

Front 2

How does enculturation influence personality?

Back 2

child rearing practices

Front 3

What is the link between personality and culture?

Back 3

every culture emphasizes personality traits as either good or bad. some personalities are more typical than others.

Front 4

What are the two patterns of child rearing?

Back 4

1. dependence training

2. independence training

Front 5

Dependence training:

Back 5

favors keeping individuals within the group.

Front 6

Independence training:

Back 6

emphasizes individual independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement.

Front 7

Agents of enculturation:

Back 7

people involved in transmitting culture from one generation to the next.

Front 8

Self-awareness:

Back 8

the ability to identify ones self as an object, react to oneself, and evaluate ones self.

Front 9

What are the requirements of self-awareness?

Back 9

1. object orientation
2. spatial orientation
3. temporal orientation
4. normative orientation

Front 10

Object orientation:

Back 10

aware of objects other than ones self.

Front 11

Spatial orientation:

Back 11

the ability to get from one object or place to another.

Front 12

Temporal orientation:

Back 12

able to connect past actions with those in the present and future.

Front 13

Normative orientation:

Back 13

understanding of cultural values, ideas, and standards.

Front 14

What is normal behavior?

Back 14

determined by that culture itself.

Front 15

Naming Ceremony:

Back 15

a special event or ritual to mark the name of a child.

Front 16

Personality:

Back 16

the distinctive ways a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

Front 17

What shapes personality?

Back 17

-early childhood experiences
-the economy

Front 18

Modal Personality:

Back 18

the body of character traits that are most common in a culture population.

Front 19

Ethnic Psychoses:

Back 19

mental disorders specific to particular ethnic groups.

Front 20

Core Values:

Back 20

values particularly promoted by a culture.

Front 21

What is adaption?

Back 21

beneficial adjustment of organisms to their environment.

Front 22

Cultural adaption through time...

Back 22

1. Food foraging
2. Domestication
3. Horticulture
4. Pastoralism
5. Development of cities

Front 23

What was the importance of neolithic (3 reasons)?

Back 23

- culture change
- stone based technologies
- domestication

Front 24

Transition to food production in the neolithic:

Back 24

- increased management of wild food resources
- horticulture

Front 25

Adaption in cultural evolution:

Back 25

human groups adapt to environments

Front 26

Convergent evolution:

Back 26

development of similar cultural adaptions to similar environment conditions by different people with different ancestral cultures.

Front 27

Parallel Evolution:

Back 27

peoples whose ancestral cultures are similar develop similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions.

Front 28

Ecosystem:

Back 28

a system, or functioning whole, composed of both physical environment and the organisms living within it.

Front 29

Food foraging characteristics:

Back 29

- high mobility
- small size groups
- populations stabilize
- share

Front 30

What was food foraging's impact on society?

Back 30

1. food sharing
2. division of labor by gender

Front 31

Carrying capacity:

Back 31

the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques.

Front 32

Horticulture:

Back 32

cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools.

Front 33

Agriculture:

Back 33

cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production.

Front 34

Pastoralism:

Back 34

subsistence that relies on raising herds of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats.

Front 35

Who are peasants?

Back 35

a rural cultivator whose surpluses are transferred to a dominant group of rulers.

Front 36

Development of cities...

Back 36

- developed as surplus was created
- people can specialize in other activities.

Front 37

Slash and burn technique:

Back 37

natural vegetation is cut, the slash is burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes.

Front 38

Culture area:

Back 38

a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow a similar pattern of life.

Front 39

Culture core:

Back 39

features of a culture that play a part in the society's way of making a living

Front 40

Cultural ecology:

Back 40

a social system is determined by its environmental resources.

Front 41

What are Julian Steward's 3 basic steps for a cultural-ecological investigation?

Back 41

1. analysis of the relationship between subsistence strategies and natural resources.

2. analysis of the behavior patterns involved in a particular subsistence strategy.

3. analysis of how these behavior patterns affect aspects of society.

Front 42

Multilinear evolution:

Back 42

universal evolutionary stages do not apply to all societies.

Front 43

How do anthropologists study economic systems?

Back 43

they study how goods are produced, distributed and consumed.

Front 44

Economic System:

Back 44

a means of producing, distributing and consuming goods.

Front 45

The Yam Complex in Trobriand Culture:

Back 45

- men devote a lot of time raising yams to give to others
- men related to each other through marriage to a chief
- go to chief's yam house

Front 46

What were primary tools used by foragers and horticulturalists?

Back 46

axe, digging stick, & hoe

Front 47

How do different societies organize their economic resources and labor?

Back 47

food foragers determine:
- who will hunt & gather
- where activities will take place

pastoralists need:
-watering places
-grazing land

farmers need:
-title to land
-access to water or irrigation

western capitalist societies need:
-private ownership of land
-rights to natural resources

Front 48

What are the three divisions of labor by gender patterns?

Back 48

1. felxible pattern
2. segregated pattern
3. dial sex configuration

Front 49

Divisions of labor by age:

Back 49

- child labor plays a major economic role

Front 50

Flexible / Integrated Pattern:

Back 50

- 35% of tasks are performed equally by men and women.

- appropriate for one gender may be performed by the other.

- value cooperation over competition.

Front 51

Segregated Pattern:

Back 51

- work is masculine or feminine.

- work seperate

- boys and girls raised by women

Front 52

Dual Sex Configuration:

Back 52

- men& women work separately.

- relationship = complementarity not inequality.

- interests of both men and women are represented at all levels.

Front 53

Potlach:

Back 53

a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth.

Front 54

Prestige Economy:

Back 54

creation of a surplus for the purpose of gaining prestige through a public display of wealth that is given away as gifts.

Front 55

Leveling Mechanism:

Back 55

a societal obligation compelling a family to distribute goods so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else.

Front 56

Modes of distributing goods:

Back 56

1. reciprocity
2. redistribution
3. market exchange

Front 57

Reciprocity:

Back 57

exchange based upon giving gifts.

Front 58

Generalized Reciprocity:

Back 58

the free reward of gift giving & benefits without any expectations.

Front 59

Balanced Reciprocity:

Back 59

the strict expectation that the person getting the gift will make a return of an equal value.

ex: the kula ring

Front 60

Negative Reciprocity:

Back 60

impersonal exchanges in which each party attempts to take advantage of the other.

Front 61

The Kula Ring:

Back 61

the ceremonial trading of shell necklaces, beads, and armbands.

- encourages trade throughout Melanesia
- example of balanced reciprocity

Front 62

Redistribution:

Back 62

form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place where they are sorted, counted, and relocated.

Front 63

Market Exchange:

Back 63

buying & selling of goods and services with prices set by rules of supply and demand.

Front 64

(Question) The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services...

Back 64

for the purpose of maintaining social relationships & gaining prestige.

Front 65

Conspicuous Consumption:

Back 65

a display of wealth for social prestige.

Front 66

(Question) ____________ are/is important in societies where the accumulation of wealth or property
could upset the more-or-less egalitarian social order.

Back 66

leveling mechanisms

Front 67

Informal Economy:

Back 67

the production of marketable commodities that for various reasons escape enumeration, regulation or any other sort of public monitoring or auditing.

Front 68

Barter:

Back 68

two or more partners from different groups negotiate a direct exchange of one trade good for another.

Front 69

Marriage:

Back 69

a universal feature of human kinship and social organization.

Front 70

Incest Taboo:

Back 70

the prohibition of sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent-child and siblings relations.

Front 71

Consanguineal Kin:

Back 71

blood relatives

Front 72

Affinal Kin:

Back 72

relatives by marriage

Front 73

Endogamy:

Back 73

marriage within a particular group or category of individuals.

Front 74

Exogamy:

Back 74

marriage outside the group.

Front 75

Monogamy:

Back 75

marriage between 2 people

-most common form of marriage

Front 76

Serial Monogamy:

Back 76

marriage in which a man or woman marries a serial of partners.

Front 77

Polygyny:

Back 77

marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time.

Front 78

Polyandry:

Back 78

marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time.

Front 79

Group Marriage:

Back 79

forms of marriage in which more than one man and more than one woman form a family unit.

Front 80

Fictive Marriage:

Back 80

marriage to establish social status.

Front 81

What are the functions of marriage?

Back 81

1. parental responsibility
2. social regulation of sexual competition
3. gender divisions of labor
4. social groups & status
5. inter-group alliances & exchanges

Front 82

What are the functions of marriage in the Nayer case?

Back 82

1. "ritual husband"
2. visiting husband
3. acknowledging paternity

Front 83

What are the two different types of kin relations?

Back 83

consanguineal kin & affinal kin

Front 84

What are the 5 forms of marriage?

Back 84

1. monogamy
2. serial monogamy
3. polygyny
4. polyandry
5. group marriage

Front 85

Cousin Marriage:

Back 85

in some societies certain cousins are the preferred marriage partners.

Front 86

Bride Price:

Back 86

payment of money from the groom's to the bride's kin for the right to marry their daughter or relative.

Front 87

Bride service:

Back 87

the groom is expected to work for a period for the bride's family.

Front 88

Dowry:

Back 88

payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of marriage to her and her husband.

Front 89

What are the five basic residence / household patterns?

Back 89

1. patrilocal
2. matrilocal
3. ammbilocal
4. neolocal
5. avunculocal

Front 90

Patrilocal Residence:

Back 90

a married couple lives with the husband's father's relatives.

Front 91

What are the 4 forms of family?

Back 91

1. conjugal family
2. consanguineal family
3. nuclear family
4. extended family

Front 92

Matrilocal Residence:

Back 92

a married couple lives with the wife's relatives.

Front 93

Ambilocal Residence:

Back 93

a married couple may chose either matrilocal or patrilocal lifestyles.

Front 94

Neolocal Residence:

Back 94

a married couple may establish their own household.

Front 95

Avunculocal Residence:

Back 95

a married couple lives with husband's mother's brother.

Front 96

Household:

Back 96

a basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized & carried out.

Front 97

Family:

Back 97

two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Front 98

Conjugal Family:

Back 98

a family consisting of one/or more male/or female married to one/or more male/or female and have their offspring.

Front 99

Consanguineal Family:

Back 99

related women, their brothers and the women's offspring.

Front 100

Nuclear Family:

Back 100

a group consisting of one or more parent and dependent offspring which may include a stepparent, step sibling, and/or adopted children.

Front 101

Extended Family:

Back 101

a collection of nuclear families, realted by ties of blood that live in one household.

Front 102

Kinship:

Back 102

network of relatives where every individual has mutual rights and obligations.

Front 103

Decent Group:

Back 103

a kin-ordered social group that share a common ancestor.

Front 104

What is the importance of decent groups?

Back 104

they provide security, access to resources and food.

Front 105

Unilineal Decent:

Back 105

decent that establishes group membership through either a male or female line.

Front 106

Matrilineal Decent:

Back 106

decent traced specifically through the female line.

Front 107

Patrilineal Decent:

Back 107

decent traced specifically through the male line.

Front 108

Lineage:

Back 108

a unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor

Front 109

Clan:

Back 109

an extended unilineal kinship group consisting of several lineages whose common ancestor is legendary or mythological.

Front 110

Membership in decent groups:

Back 110

either matrilineal or patirilineal decent group

Front 111

Bilateral Descent:

Back 111

descent from father and mother equally

Front 112

Ambilineal descent:

Back 112

an individual can choose the mother's or father's descent group.

Front 113

Double/Duel Descent -

Back 113

descent is both reckoned patrilineally and matrilineally at the same time.

also known as double unilineal descent.

Front 114

The Yako Case:

Back 114

- property is divided into matrilineal or patrilineal property

- inherit certain rights to the land from the father.

- inherit ritual privileges from the mother.

- matrilineals stronger in religious matters.

- patrilineal owns permanent productive resources like land.

- matrilineal owns consumable property like livestock .

Front 115

Descent group's code of conduct:

Back 115

- matrilineal and patrilineal society the father relatives are excluded from group membership.

Front 116

What are the tasks of a decent group?

Back 116

- emotional support
- belonging
- work units
- provide security
- provide services
etc.

Front 117

Clan Fission:

Back 117

when lineages grow too big they break (fission) into different lineages.

Front 118

Totemism:

Back 118

Set of customary beiliefs and practices that set animals, plants, or objects as important in the social life of a clan.

Front 119

Moiety:

Back 119

bind clans through reciprocity.

Front 120

Phratry:

Back 120

a unilineal descent group composed of at least 2 clans that supposedly share a common ancestor.

Front 121

Acculturation:

Back 121

massive culture change

Front 122

culture loss:

Back 122

the abandonment of an existing practice, trait, or culture.

Front 123

EGO:

Back 123

where the charts begin

Front 124

Ethnocide:

Back 124

violent termination of an ethnic groups collective cultural identity

Front 125

Diffusion:

Back 125

the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another.

Front 126

What are two forms of repressive change?

Back 126

1. ethnocide
2. genocide

Front 127

Genocide:

Back 127

the physical termination of people by antoher

Front 128

Innovation:

Back 128

introduction of new things or methods

Front 129

Syncretism:

Back 129

blending of foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms

Front 130

Revitalization Movement:

Back 130

a movement for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of stress and dispair.

Front 131

What are 3 reasons for cultural change?

Back 131

1. forces at work within a society
2. contact between societies
3. changes in natural environment

Front 132

What were responses to repressive change?

Back 132

1. syncretism
2. revitalization movements

Front 133

What were reasons for rebellion and revolution?

Back 133

1. loss of prestige
2. threat to economic improvement.
3. indecisiveness of government.
4. loss of support