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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polity |
A society can be defined by its largest social unit |
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Band |
-Less than 100 people -Mobile, hunter gatherer, fishers -Largely egalitarian -Religious organizations: Shamans |
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Segmentary: Tribes |
-Between 100 and 1000 people -Small scale farmers, still hunters -Dispersed village systems -Ritualistic redistribution systems -Rank differences |
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Chiefdom |
-Between 5000 and 20000+ people -Social stratification -Begin seeing craft specialization -Chief controls redistribution system -Permanent ritual centres -Central places in settlement patterns |
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Early State |
-20000+ -Single ruler with power -Class based stratification -Dominance of central place -Control of labour, agricultural production -Market economy, taxation -Craft specialization |
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Craft Specialization |
-Assignment of specific tasks to specific people -Allows large projects to get done -Wars fought, pyramids built etc |
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Redistribution |
-Mode of exchange -Implies operation of some central organizing authority -Goods received by central authority |
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Settlement Pattern Analysis |
-Distribution of human activities across landscape -Spacial relationship between activities and features of natural and social environment |
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Central Place Theory |
-For complex social systems, settlement pattern is often designed so around a dominant central place |
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Ethnoarchaeology |
-Ethnographic study of people through material culture/ remains |
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Territoriality |
-Models used to predict systems of: water access, resource availability, animal behaviour, cultural indicators, prediction of settlement patterns in absence of actual evidence |
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Monumental Labour |
Control of Labour -increased power, increased inequality -measure amount of labour required |
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Sexing |
Sex determination through bone analysis Males: narrower pelvis, generally more robust, jaw and features of skull more prominent Females: wider and larger pelvis, ribcage and sternum are shorter |
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Ageing |
Can determine age by examining teeth, epiphyseal fusion, cranial vault fusion, pubic symphasis |
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Osteobiographies |
-Process of identifying individuals |
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Pathology |
-Studying past diseases, ancient diseases -Conditions like malnutrition, chronic disease, joint disease |
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Symbols |
-Establishment of place through delimitation of territory -Development of symbols of measurement for time, length, weight |
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Art |
-Greatest symbolic expression, studies focus on mechanics and meaning -One of the few ways archaeologists can study the relationship between symbols |
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Ritual |
-Organization of space, highly symbolic places, specific iconography |
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Processual (New) Archaeology |
-Emphasis on cultural evolution -What is the driving force of change? -Uses scientific approach, emphasis on systems thinking |
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Post -processual Archaeology |
-Umbrella term for several approaches -Rejection of scientism of new archaeology -Focus on individual and historiography -Focus on how material culture influenced people and not vice versa |
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Interpretive Archaeology |
-Past is objectively organized in different contexts -Must accommodate external knowledge to internal relation |
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Diffusion |
-Process where cultural traits, ideas, or objects are spread or transmitted from one culture/society to another |
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Nomothetic |
Use of generalization rather than specific properties in the context of a group as an entity |
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Hydraulic Hypothesis |
-Karl Wittfogel -Need for irrigation lead to bureaucracy |
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Population Growth Hypothesis |
Thomas Malthus: Pop growth leads to food shortage which leads to increased death and lower fertility Esther Boserup: Pop growth leads to intro of new farming methods which leads to increase in agricultural production |
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Internal Conflict Hypothesis |
-Igor Diakonoff -Increased wealth leads to increased conflict |
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Environmental Circumscription |
-Stresses importance of the constraints (circumscription) imposed by the environment and territorial limitations -Robert Carneiro |
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Colonialism |
-Resulted from trajectories of geographic expansion, mercantilism, and capitalism -Archaeological work supporting representations of 'primitive' ancient societies -Imperial subjugation of other cultures, study them in order to "civilize" them |
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Post- Colonialism |
-Arose after end of "official" colonization -Challenge to western world's creation of the "other" as an object of study -Consideration of political climates influencing archaeology -Ethic of collaboration and inclusion -Recognizing, incorporating, and highlighting alternate histories in colonial settings |
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Nazi Archaeology |
-Invention of German national identity -Belief that Germany is the heart of civilization |
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NAGPRA |
-Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act -Federal agencies must repatriate Native American human remains and burial goods -Only if direct connection can be proven |
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Kennewick Man |
-Skeleton found on bank of Columbia river -Claimed under NAGPRA -9300 years old -Debate started whether it is caucasian or native american -Further debate on who came to North America first |
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Archaeological Ethics |
-Moral rules that govern archaeological practice -Upheld by Heritage legislation and professional organizations |
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Legislation Heritage |
-Heritage protected by law -Alberta Historical Resources Act -Done provincially in Canada |
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Elgin Marbles |
-19th Century, Lord Elgin removed sculptural elements from the Parthenon -Country was under Ottoman control -Sold to British govn't -Greece has asked for the sculptures back and even has a museum built for them -Britain refuses to return them |
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Repatriation |
Returning a person to place of origin or citizenship |
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Esoteric Egypt |
-Study of 100,000 year old spiritual science of Ancient Egypt -Metaphysical structure of our universe |
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Mayan Mystique |
-Term coined by David Webster about ancient Maya culture |
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Black Athena |
-Controversy around if Northern Africans colonized to ancient Greece and largely took part in the formation of Greek culture we examine today |
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Cultural Resource Management |
-Safeguarding of archaeological heritage through protection of sites and through salvage archaeology |
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Salvage Excavation |
-Location and recording of archaeological sites in advance of highway construction, drainage project, or urban development |
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Mitigation |
-Action of reducing severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something -CRM workers decide (mitigate) which sites they should salvage, and which they cant afford to preserve or excavate |
