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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is taphonomy?
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study of decomposition
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What is represented in the fossil record?
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- mostly teeth, natural fossil
- problem matching cranial with postcranial |
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What are the names of the two types of dating techniques?
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Relative and Absolute
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What are the four relative dating techniques?
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- Stratigraphy
- Faunal Analysis - Artifact Analysis - Fluorine Analysis |
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What is stratigraphy?
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Soil laters, usually oldest sediments are at the bottom.
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What is faunal analysis?
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compares animal remains between dated and undated sites
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What is artifact analysis?
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stylistic comparison of stone and bone tools between dated sites and undated sites
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What is fluorine analysis?
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measures flourine incorporated into bone post-burial
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What are the 8 absolute dating techniques?
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- Uranium 238
- Potassium 40 - Fission track - Paleomagnetism - Thermoluminescence (TL) - Electron-spin resonance (ESR) - Carbon 14 - Dendrochonology |
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Uranium 238
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- decays to lead
- half life: 4.5 billion years |
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Potassium/Argon (K/Ar)
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- potassium decays to argon
- half-life 13 billion years - extremely important to dating early hominid sites |
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Fission-track Dating
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- examines tracks from decay of uranium 238
- usage: dates over 1 million years |
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Paleomagnetism
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- depends on reversals and movement of polar magnetism
- may yield multiple "dates" |
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Thermoluminescence
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- measures electron accumulation in quartz sand
- usage: 200,000 to 400,000 years |
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Electron spin resonance
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- measures trapped electrons in bone and teeth
- usage: 200,000 to 400,000 years |
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Carbon 14
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- measures decay of carbon 14 to nitrogen 14
- usage: up to about 75,000 years ago |
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Dendrochronology
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- tree-ring counting
- usage: a few thousand years |
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What are mammalian characteristics?
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- endothermic/homeothermic regulation
- hair or fur - sweat glands - mammary glands - placenta - lactation - heterodont teeth - live birth - large brains - long gestation - learned behavior |
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What was the ancestral primate most likely like? When did it live? Where did it live?
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- generalized mammal
- similar to tree shrew - insectivorous, arboreal, nocturnal - 65 mya - found in North America and Eurasia |
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Dental evidence
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- Insectivorous: sharp molar cusps
- Folivorous: small incisors, shearing cusps - Frugivorous: broad incisors, rounded molars - Carnivorous: sharp molars, sharp canines - Exudate eaters: proturding incisors - Nut eaters: thick enamelled rounded molars |
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Primate Characteristics
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- Mobile wrist and ankle joints
- Opposable thumbs - Tactile pads with sensory nerve vibers - Nails instead of claws - Maturation/Learning • Generalized Dentition • Color Vision • Depth Perception • Decreased reliance of smell • Flexible Locomotor PaIerns - Expansion/Increased Complexity of Brain |
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What are the three types of Prosimians?
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- Lemurs
- Loris - Tarsiers |
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Lemurs
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- Only non human primates on Madagascar
- 60 species - Both diurnal omnivores and nocturnal terrestrial - Both arboreal and terrestiral - Both quadrupeds and vertical clingers & leapers |
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Loris
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- Nocturnal
- 17 Species - slow quadrupeds and vertical clingers and leapers - insectivores and omnivores |
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Tarsiers
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- Shares characteristics of Prosimians and Anthropoids
- Unique |
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What does Platyrrhini consist of? Is it an anthropoid or prosimian?
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New World Monkeys. It is an anthropoid.
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What does a Catarrhini consist of? Is it an anthropoid or prosimian?
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Old World Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. It is an anthropoid.
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Where are Platyrrhines found? What are distinctive features of Platyrrhines?
Ex. of Platyrrhine: Howler Monkey |
- Found in Central and South America
- 3 premolars - 2-1-3-3 - rounded external nostrils - largely arboreal living - prehensile tails (large bodied new world monkeys) |
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What are characteristics of Catarrhines- Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys)
Ex. of Cercopithecoidea- Baboon |
- Nostrils are close together and open downard
- 2:1:2:3 - Varying tail length - Ischial callosities |
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What are characteristics of Catarrhines- Hominoids?
Ex. gibbon, orangutan, homo sapien |
- apes and humans
- 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars - broad chests - mobile limbs - brachiation - strong big toe - no tail |
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Pros of Living in Social Groups?
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- Predator defense
- Access to mates - Food Sharing |
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Cons of Living in Social Groups
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- More visible to predators
- Competition for mates, food |
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What are the effects of dominance/aggression within groups?
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Increases the reproductive success of high ranking individual
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What is the effect of dominance/agression between groups?
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Protects resources
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Lethal unprovoked aggression between individuals of same species has been seen in which groups?
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Chimpanzees and Humans
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What increased reasoning and problem solving abilities?
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- Primate encephalization
- expansion of the neocortex - quantitative not qualitative |
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Are there examples of culture in nonhuman primates?
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Yes
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Social Structure of Primates
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Dominance and Social Rank
- Displacement - Rank changes within context Alternative Strategies - Machiavellian Monkeys - Alliances |
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Benefits of Higher Social Rank
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- better access to preferred foods
- ability to obtain a higher food intake - ability to attain greater body size - more buffering against stresses of social living |
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Mechanisms of Social Interaction
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- Displays
- Aggression - Cooperation and affiliation - grooming - food sharing - hunting behavior - communication |
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Communication
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- Scent and appearance
- Autonomic Responses: innate, unintentional - Intentional: convey specific meaning from sender |
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What are the advantages of primates being social?
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- access to food
- protection from predators - access to mates - assistance in care of young |
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What are the disadvantages of primates being social?
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- competition for food
- visibility to predators - competition for mates - risk of social tension and violence |
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What can we learn about Early Hominids?
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- Ecological niche
- Size of social group - Type of social group - Life stages |
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Bipedalism
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- Uniquely hominid
- Biological changes: locomotor changes, skeletal changes, physiological changes - fossil evidence |
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What is mosaic evolution?
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Different features evolved at different rates and different times
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Hominid Center of Gravity
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- Efficient locomotion requires joints being in line with the center of gravity
- Human CoG = within pelvic girdle - Great Apes CoG = mid torso |
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Where is the hominid foramen magnum
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centrally placed under skull
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Arms and Bipedalism
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- Arms become shorter in relation to legs
-Arboreal adaptations relaxed |
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Hominid Trunk and Bipedalism
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- Shortened thorax
- larger lumbar region - Chest less cone shaped - less suspension of internal organs and support from ribs |
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Spinal Curvature and Bipedalism
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-Chimps: cervical and thoracic curves
-Humans: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curve These only appear with bipedalism |
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Pelvic Girdle and Bipedalism
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- Bowl shaped
- Lateral expansion - Changes muscle orientation - Changes fat orientation |
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Hip Joint and Bipedalism
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- Muscles moved over hip
- Hip joint placed under center of gravity |
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What makes a hominid thigh unique?
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- More gracile
- Changes angle - Elongated |
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Classification Hierarchy
Oatmeal Sometimes Is So Fucking Gross, Sam |
Order =
Suborder = Infraorder= Superfamily = Family= Genus = Species= |
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Gibbon Group Composition
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"monogamous pairs"- no male/male and female/female pairs in gibbons to her knowledg
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Marmoset/Tamerin Group Composition
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Multi male/one female groups
Female is alpha and can select mates |
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Gorilla Group Composition
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One male/multi female groups
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Baboons/howler monkeys/mackacs
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multi male/multi female groups where female is alpha
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Chimp Group Composition
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Fission/Fusion communities
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Complete Replacement Model
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- localized African origin
- Replaced indigenous - Erectus in Asia H. Sapiens --> Africa --> Europe/Asia---> replacing completely populations |
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Regional Continuity Model
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- multiregional models
- gene flow |
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What are five factors of bipedalism?
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1. Centralized foramen magnum
2. Pelvic bowl 3. Shorter arms 4. S shaped spine 5. Larger lumbar region |
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What stone tool tradition was Homo erectus associated with?
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Acheulian
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What stone tool tradition was Homo habilis associated with?
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Olduwan Stone tools, found in Olduvai Gorge
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Taung Child
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A. africanus (Taung,
south Africa) |
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Laetoli footprints
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A. afarensis (Laetoli, Tanzania)
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When did the oldest hominid live?
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7-6.5 million years ago
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When and where did Australopithecines live?
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East and South AFrica, 4.2.-1.2 million years ago
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When and where did H. heidelbergensis (archaic homo) live?
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850,000-200,000 years ago
Africa/Europe/Asia |
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When and where did H. neadertalensis live?
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130,000-25,000 years ago
Europe |
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Did H. neandertalensis/H. sapiens ever live at same time/place?
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Yes, 35,000 years ago, Southwest Asia/Europe
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When did New World/Old World Monkeys separate?
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37.5 million years ago (Oligocene)
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What is an example of a Hominoidea Pongidae?
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Orangutaon
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What is an example of a Hominoidea Hylobatidae?
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Gibbon
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What is an example of a Hominoidea Hominidae?
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Chimp
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