Anthropology Final

Front 1

Discovery/Invention

Back 1

inventions can be objects, or new beaviors/ideas

Front 2

diffusion

Back 2

process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into a different culture

Front 3

direct contact

Back 3

bringing a borrowed invention into a local culture

Front 4

intermediate contact

Back 4

third party contact (Onka's engineer hat)

Front 5

stimulus diffusion

Back 5

the ideas behind something are reinterpreted for local use

Front 6

adaptation

Back 6

responses to change

Front 7

acculturation

Back 7

the changes that occur when different culture groups come into intensive contact

Front 8

revolution

Back 8

when conditions give rise to a rebellion

Front 9

ethnogenesis

Back 9

process by which a group of humans comes to be understood or to understand themselves as ethnically distinct from others

Front 10

globalization

Back 10

the increasing interconnectedness of people, places, and activities around the world

Front 11

colonialism

Back 11

the political conquest of one society by another, followed by social domination

Front 12

cultural imperialism

Back 12

the ideas and practices of one culture are imposed upon another, which is then modified or eliminated as a result

Front 13

westernization

Back 13

Western European culture displaces the ideas and practices of indigenous peoples

Front 14

supply and demand

Back 14

when the supply of a certain product needs to meet the demand of a huge growing market

Front 15

Golden Triangle

Back 15

the routes formed between the sugar islands, Africa, and Europe

Front 16

world systems theory

Back 16

a model of how global social, economic, and political relations developed and operate as an integrated system

Front 17

Core Society

Back 17

extracts resources and converts them to finished goods, then sells them back to the periphery

Front 18

periphery society

Back 18

provides raw materials and cheap labor for core societies

Front 19

neocolonialism

Back 19

imperial political domination is gone, but ties between colonizers and independent nations remain

Front 20

Columbian Exchange

Back 20

the transatlantic exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the old and new worlds

Front 21

emigration

Back 21

when people from another society come to another (Italians to America)

Front 22

Diaspora

Back 22

group of people with common roots that have resettled together in a new area

Front 23

hypodescent

Back 23

historical pattern of considering someone who has even a minute percentage of African ancestry to be black

Front 24

ethnic group

Back 24

members of a group that share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of a common background

Front 25

ethnicity

Back 25

when people claim a certain ethnic identity for themselves

Front 26

phenotype

Back 26

outward physical traits of a person

Front 27

assimilation

Back 27

the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs

Front 28

plural societies

Back 28

a society combining ethnic contrasts: the economic interdependence of those groups, and the ecological specialization (i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group).

Front 29

rules of descent

Back 29

assigning a social identity on the basis of ancestry

Front 30

social race

Back 30

when a persons race changes in different social situations

Front 31

jibaro

Back 31

modern Puerto Rican culture have a more positive connotation, proudly associated with a cultural ideology as pioneers of Puerto Rico.

Front 32

naturalizing discourse

Back 32

the deliberate representation of particular identities as if they were biological (jewish people are stingy)

Front 33

structural violence

Back 33

results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk differently for different subgroups within a population

Front 34

systemic racism

Back 34

the concept that non-whites lack the benefits whites get just by being white

Front 35

marked/unmarked categories

Back 35

unmarked categories are the ones that are assumed because they seem normal, marked categories are specified as deviations from this norm

Front 36

ideologies of inequality

Back 36

in order for these ideologies to be believable there must be some ability or quality that justifies why some people are upper class (intelligence)

Front 37

property/power/prestige

Back 37

rights over goods and services of all kinds/force and authority/respect and regard

Front 38

income disparity

Back 38

the very rich are getting richer while wages and benefits for working in the lower class decrease

Front 39

formal economy

Back 39

visible, legal, organized economic structures and activities

Front 40

informal economy

Back 40

underground/shadow economy that is largely invisible to regulation

Front 41

commodity

Back 41

a product created to be exchanged in the market

Front 42

law of supply and demand

Back 42

things cost more, and the more people want them, the scarcer they are

Front 43

means of production

Back 43

land, labor, natural resources, technology, and capital available

Front 44

capitalists

Back 44

owners of the means of production (privately owned)

Front 45

Bourgeoisie/proletariat

Back 45

owner/worker classes

Front 46

socialist society

Back 46

the means of production is held in common and management is cooperative in nature

Front 47

communist society

Back 47

the means of production are collectively owned

Front 48

class conflict

Back 48

as workers try to better their situation and capitalists resist, conflict will arise

Front 49

economic capital

Back 49

wealth and access to economic resources (cash, assets)

Front 50

social capital

Back 50

resources based on group membership, relationships, and networks of influence and support

Front 51

cultural capital

Back 51

forms of knowledge, skills, education, and advantages that a person has

Front 52

sex

Back 52

biological categories based on primarily reproductive anatomy

Front 53

sexual dimorphism

Back 53

additional average biological differences, such as height and weight

Front 54

gender

Back 54

social categories or roles partially associated with sex

Front 55

intersex

Back 55

individuals with indeterminate physical sexual characteristics

Front 56

gender roles

Back 56

the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex

Front 57

gender stereotypes

Back 57

oversimplified but strong ideas about the characteristics of males and females

Front 58

gender stratification

Back 58

the unequal distribution of rewards between men and women (power, prestige)

Front 59

gender socialization

Back 59

process through which the individual learns and accepts roles about their gender (boys don't cry)

Front 60

Berdache

Back 60

morphological male who does not play a male role (native american culture)

Front 61

gender pluralism

Back 61

existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity, and androgyny that are tolerated

Front 62

Hijra

Back 62

men in India who dress and act as women

Front 63

feminization of poverty

Back 63

women are increasingly represented among America's poorest people