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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Archaeology
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study of the human past through material remains
cultural past, heritage & process |
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Goals of Archaeolog
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1. reveal the form of the past
2. discover the function of the past 3. understand the cultural processes |
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artifacts
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material items that humans have manufactured or modified
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cultural features
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non-portable remnants from the past such as a house, walls or ditches
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cultural landscapes
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human made or modified landscapes
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Early living (300,000-15,000 ya)
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simple foraging and hunting
1. big game hunting 2. individual hunting 3. fishing 4. gathering nomadic/seminomadic simple foraging hunting broad spectrum foraging |
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Neolithic changes (15,000-10,000 ya)
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major cultural changes
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Earlist Major Human Cultural achievements
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1. Art- creative use of interpreting, expressing & enjoying life
2. Domestication- human interference with reproduction of another spp 3. Sedentism- settled lifestyle (living in permanent structures) 4. civilization- a society with an extensive social hierarchy -cities -social classes -gov't |
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The 1st farmers
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Neolithic period
Food production, domestication of plants and animals 1. Middle East 2. sub-Saharan 3. China 4. Central Mexico 5. South Central Andes 6. Eastern US |
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Plants- Genetic Changes
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Wild Plants: small, grains fall, brittle rachis, natural range, normal pollen
Domesticated plants: larger, grains stay on ear, tougher joints, outside normal enviroment, change in pollen |
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Animals- Genetic Changes
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Wild: large, natural enviroment, normal sex/age ratio
Domesticated: smaller, outside natural range, morphological changes, increased population, abnormal sex/age ratio |
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Earliest Domestication
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Middle East (10,000 bp)- wheat, barley, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs
New World (10,000-6,000 ya)- sqaush, maize, potatoes, manioc |
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Early farming to State
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Food production led to early farming communities
-Middle East (Jericho) -Mesoamerica (Oaxaca) Higher food yields larger populations greater management needs |
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Explaining Early Cultural Change
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sedentism attractive
stable climate high diversity of spp |
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Costs of Domestication and Sedentism
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1. Population Change: large population increase
2. Shift in diet: farmers rely on small # of food types 3. Insecure food supply: greater susceptibility to disasters 4. increase in disease: greater conc of people (viral disease developed after people became sedentary) 5. enviromental degradation: ag changes the enviroment 6. increase in labor: longer work day for farmers |
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Benefits of Domestication & Sedentism
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1. Farmers need less land than a hunter-gatherer
2. Farming less damaging to the body (less violent deaths, longer life-spans) 3.more predictable food source 4. sedentism means new opportunites for social complexity |
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2 Important factors of cultual development
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1. population pressure
2. human sociability |
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Chiefdoms
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Single leader (chief)
Middle East: 7000 bp Mesoamerica: 3200 bp |
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State
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a form of social and political organization (bureacracies and social divisions)
Middle East: 5500 bp Mesoamerica: 2100 bp |
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social classes
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developed by state societies
social differences baased on power and economics |
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social stratification
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state societies developed
unequal access to power, wealth and prestige |
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specialists
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state societies developed
making a living doing something other than producing food |
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Theories for rise of complex societies
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1. Hydraulic systems
2. Long Distance Trade 3. Circumscription 4. Religion 5. Charismatic Leaders No single reason/ cause exists, each region had multiple reasons: interrelationship of enviroment and culture; different people made different choices |
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Attributes of Early States
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1. Regional Territory
2. Farming economies- based of all early states 3. tribute & taxation 4. stratified 5. building programs 6. record keeping systems |
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Monumental Architecture
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architectual construction of a greater than human scale
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Artifacts
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sets of artifacts indicating a particular social activity
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Burials
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features associated with the internment of bodies
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Settlement Patterns
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distribution of sites and people across the landscape
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Why did early states collapse?
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various factors:
warfare prolonged drought enviromental change: disease, famine social transition |
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Technology and the Enviroment
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how human societies interact most directly with the natural enviroment
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Social Systems
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studying the construction, origins and traits of past social org
1. gender roles 2. political organization 3. economic organization |
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Cosmological and Symbolic Systems
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studying how past cultures and societies constructed their world views
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Pseudoarchaeology
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a body of popularie accounts that use real or imaginary archaeological evidence (i.e. Indiana Jones, 10,000 BC)
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Looting
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illegal vandalism and plundering of sites
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Cultural Resource Management
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recovering infor and protecting sites from development
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Cultural Anthropology
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study of modern human society and culture
patterns in behavior, thought and perceptions; through active participation patterns of subsistence economic systems social and political org kinship and marriage myth, ritual, religion and art glabalism |
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patterns of subsistence
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doing what is necessary to maintain human life:
1. food, clothing, shelter 2. adaptive strategies: a groups system of economic activity 3.economic activity: the extraction, production, exchange, storage and consumption of material things in life |
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Foraging
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hunting-gathering people
mobile rely on natural resources band societies (100-), kinship org flexible egalitarean social systems (age & gender) |
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Horticulture
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Subsistence farmers
simple tools field not permanent (slash & burn) plots lie fallow min farming |
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Agrictulture
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intesive farmers
simple tools domesticated animals mechanized irrigating terracing eliminating pests cost & benefits: greater yield, dependable, high pop Intesification (sedentary, specialized) |
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Pastoralism
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subsistence herders
breeding and managing herds of domesticated grazing animals use animals directly mobile, pastoral nomadism or transhumance |
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Industrialism
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Industrial production
factory capitalism socialist production |
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Economies
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systems of producting, distributing, consuming goods
balancing the demands, supply and needs- each society defines demaans and needs as culturally specified Mode of production- way of organizing production (industrial vs nonindustrial) |
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Means of Production
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major productive resources
land, labor, technology |
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2 economic anthropology question
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1. what motivates people in different cultures
2. How are econimes organized in different societies? Maximize: trying to gain largest margin of individual profit Economize: rational allocation of scarce resources to particular uses |
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Distribution and Exchange
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organization of economies, how economic systems work
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3 Economic Systems
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1 Market Principles
2 Redistribution 3 Reciprocity |
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Market Principles
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exchange of goods and services with a standardized value
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Redistribution
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centrally redistributed goods throughout a community
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Reciprocity
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the exchange of goods and services of equal value
Generalized: unequal Balanced: equal Negative: one-sided |
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Potlaching
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festive event among NW tribes of N. Am coast
big celebration conspicuous consumption? motivation of exchange? (profit? individual vs group?) adaptive mechanism- redistributed wealth when certain areas suffered; created alliances) |
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kinsip
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organizing human relaionships of interdependence
basic building block of human social org how individuals relate to others |
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family
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2 or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption
functions: nurturing children, economic coooperation |
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nuclear family
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mom, dad, children
not the same as a descent group impermanent (product of individual lifestyles) family of orientation family of procreation |
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extended family
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can be families of procreation & orientation
the nuclear family is no a universal human trait: other patterns serve same function |
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US families
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only 23% are now nuclear
more women in labor force (delaying marriage?) increased divorce rate single parent families economic shifts land ties communication advances |
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Descent groups
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a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry
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Unilinineal
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relationships that are recognized through one line of descent, whether mother's or father's kin lines
matrilineal- kinship through a mother's family patrilineal- kinship through a father's family |
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ambilineal
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people can choose to recognize relationships through either the mother's or father's lines
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Bilateral
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relationships are recognized through both lines of descent
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Lineage
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a descent group with a common known ancestor
patrilineages: the male line (daughters leave, patrilocal) matrilinaeages: the female line (sons leave, matrilocal) |
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Clan
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members believe they have a common ancestor
-may not specify genealogical links -several lineages -longhistorical background -ancestor is often mythical figure -nonhuman ancestors called totems |
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Bilateral Kindred
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membership is based on recognizing close relative's on mothers and father's side
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Kinship calculation
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provides info on:
-social org -political org -economic org -no 2 individuals have same kinship system -general patterns do exist -kin terms vs biological types |
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parallel cousins
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children of a person's parents same sex siblings
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cross cousins
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children of a person's opposite sex siblings
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4 ways to classify kinships
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1. Lineal terminology
2. Bifurcate Merging terminology 3. Generational terminology 4. Bifacturate Collateral terminology |
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Lineal Terminology
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-parental generation has 4 terms: mother, father, uncle (FB, MB), aunt (MZ, FZ)
-distinguishes relatives in direct line (lineal) from all other relatives collateral- relative off to one side affinal -eskinmo pattern= lineal, nuclear family distinguished from collateral relatives. |
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Bifurcate Merging Terminology
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-split's mother's relative from father's
-but for both sides: combines same sex siblings of the parent with 1 term -parental gen has 4 terms: mother, father, mother's brother (MB), father's sister (FZ) -Iriquois pattern: same term for parallel cousins as siblings -Crow pattern: same term for father's sister's son as father (no distinction btwn gen for father's opp sex sibling and male cross-cousins |
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Generational Terminology
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-distinguishes only between generation and sex
-parental generation has 2 terms: mother & father -Hawaiin patter: only kinship terms are for each sex w/in generation |
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Bifurcate Collateral Terminology
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-distinguish relatives by mother's or father's side by generation and sex
-parental generation has 6 terms: mother, father, father's brother (FB), father's sister (FZ), mother's brother (MB), mother's sister (MZ) -sudanese patter: each kin relation is given a different term |
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Marriage
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1 culturally approved relationship
2 transforms individual's status 3 implies certain permitted sexual access 4 est. legal parenthood for child 5 creates joint property 6 connects 2 descent groups 7 creates a new kinship line 8 is always symbolically marked |
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Monogamy
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single spouse marriage system
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Polygamy
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multiple spouse marriage system
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Polygyny
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multiple wives marriage system
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Polyandry
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multiple husbands marriage system
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Why Plural Marriages?
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- not common
- equalize sex ratio - marrying late in life (more widows) - economics- increase production & cooperation, maintains land ownership - political reasons- larger social network |
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Incest taboo
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cultural sanctions against sex relation witha close relative
- cultural universal? - varies widely from culture to culture (cross cousin marriage in Unilineal Societies, lineages create moetities -strict patrilineal groups allow maternal half-sibling marriage |
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Exogamy
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- practicee of seeking spouse outside ones own group
- maintain wide social networks -maintain cultural traditions & ties |
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Incest & Marriage
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incest refers to a prohibition of sexual relations but cultural definitions differ
-instinctive horror? humans genetically programmed, largely refuted - biological degeneration? incest causes mutation. largely refuted - attemp & contempt? familiarity diminished sexual attraction, good evidence - marry out or die out? ensure exogamy, good evidence |
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endogamy
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marriage inside of a defined social/kin group
- homogamy - caste marriage - royal marriage |
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homogamy
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know each other before marriage, typically own social group (Americans)
concept of "love" |
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caste marriage
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generally illegally, caste is a social level, must marry inside own caste. outside of kin group, usually arranged
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royal marriage
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even between siblings; power is inhabitated
breaks incest taboos |
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bridewealth
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payment to wife's family
-pays for loss of daughter -pays for future children -common in E. Africa |
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dowry
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payment to husband's family:
-often correlated to low women gender status (assoc w/ abuse) -pays for adding women to descent group -gives daughters property ( patrilineal inheritance, only way to pass on property to daughter) |
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sororate marriages
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widower marries deceased wife's sister, bridewealth,
common among young, matrilineal societies |
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levirate marriages
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widow marries husbands brother
patrilineal societies |
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divorce
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marriage ally groups:
- harder to break up - bridewealth discourages divorce (has to be returned) - dowry does not have to be returned More common in matrilineal societies, where women have more economic stability and support. Difficult in patrilineal societies (for women): - children belong to patrilineal group -little support, joined outside family (exception: polygamy, wives form own support group) US: increase in divorce rate after 1960s, small change since 1980s (economics?) |
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Gender
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a cultural construction of sexual difference; about the cultural roles and expectations towards male and femals
a cultural understanding of genetic, biological and cultural differences: different physical traits, abilities, behaviors. |
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Biological Determinants
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biological differences under lie the social and cultural differences
sexual dimorphism: differences in male and female biology |
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Cultural Determinants
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cultural differences define:
1. gender roles-tasks and activities that culture assigns to sexes 2. gender stereotypes- over simplified ideas about male and female characteristics 3. gender stratification- unequal distribution of rewards btwn men and women |
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Recurrent Gender Patterns
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Subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal cross-culturally:
-domestic labor- female dominates -extradomestic activites-male dominates -women primary care givers differences in male and female reproductive strategies: -men mate more than females -women: pregnancy and nursing prevent them from being primary hunters |
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The Public-Domestic Dichotomy
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strong differentiation between the home and outside world:
-private-public contrast -domestic activities dominated by women -public activities restricted to men Diminished in hunter-gatherer society |
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Gender Among Horticulturalists
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Gender roles:
-women: more likely to be main producers & cultivators -men: wage labor, public roles, hunting, warfare, etc. Reduced Gender Stratification: -among matrilineal societies: family groups where women are dominant figures -male travel combined with prominant female economic role Increased Gender Stratification - among patrilineal societies - increased local warfare - economic resource pressures |
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Gender Among Agriculturalists
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-when economy based on ag, women typically lose role as primary cultivator
-men primary contributors -gender stratification both increase and deacrease dependent on society |
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Gender & Industrialism
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Gender roles changing rapidly in N. Am
-"womans place is in the home" 1900s middle- & upper-class -gender roles change in response to economic needs -cultural ideas have changed |
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Gender & Sexuality
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Sexual orientations; a person's habitual sexual attractions and activities
Norms vary cross culturally & through time -US trends see sexual orientations as biologically fixed -Transvestites= 3rd gender |
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Heterosexuality
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persons of the opposite sex
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Bisexuality
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persons of both sexes
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Homosexuality
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persons of the same sex
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Asexuality
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lack of attraction to either sex
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Political Systems
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patterns of community management and relations
how communities: 1. direct & manage public affairs 2 organize community protection 3 manage communmity survival 4 structure extra community relations 5 manage economic concerns |
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Elman Service typology
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-overlapping categories
-interconnected w/ social organization -interrelated w/ economic patterns |
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Types of Socio-Politcal systems
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1 Band
2 Tribe 3 Cheifdom 4 State |
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band
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small kin-based group
-among foragers -~100 people -egalitarian -Inuit: men hunting and fishing lacked formal law |
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Tribe
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larger group
horticultural/pastorlist somewhat egalitarian:organized by kin groups, village headman Kapauku Sodalites: age/gender Nomadic Politics: -organize grazing schedule -multiple ethnic groups -small groups (weak pol office, depend on individual, basseri) -big groups (strong pol office, Qashgai) |
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Chiefdom
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a centralized policy with 2+ groups
-single chief -ranked society -horticulturalists -redistribution economy |
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State
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a cetnralized political system
-makes law & uses force -social stratification -military structure -bureaucracy |
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State specialization
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1 Population control- managing, tracking, and organizing populations
- create boundaries, administrative structures, foster resettlement, assign different rights to different statuses 2 Judiciary- laws as explicit codes for behavior (written down) -differ from social rules, governs everything 3 Enforcement- system to enforce laws -control internal and external conflict, preserve existing state hierarchy 4 Fiscal- fiscal system -support ruling structure, collects portion of the production made by members of the states |
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Political processes
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1 social control- parts of a culture that actively maintain social interactions
-regulate inequality -regulate conflict -Hegemony (A. Gramsci): sustems of inequality become natural, Habitus (P. Bourdieu): how ruling class maintina order: controlling cultural values & beliefs non-violent forms of control 2 Resistance to control -public transcript-open public interactions (MLK) -hidden transcripts |
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Politics, Shame, Sorcery
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Infromal processes of social control
-Makua- poor, food and work scarce, roaming chickens Cadeia (jail) Enretthe (sorcery attack) Ehaya (shame)-possibly leads to suicide |
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Religion
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belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces
organize system of ideas about spiritual reality/supernatural religion is a cultural universal |
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supernatural
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extraordinary realm outside of observable world; accepted on faith
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Purpose of Religion
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1 maintain social order
2 explains the unexplainable 3 provides cultural cohesion 4 gives context for everyday experiences |
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Expressions of religion
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1 animism
2 mana 3 magic 4 rituals 5 totemism |
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Animism
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belief in souls/spirits (people/animals)
- attempts to explain dreams and like phenomena - earlist beliefs - includes ancestral spirits - lead to polytheism/monotheism |
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Mana
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belief in supernatural impersonal force
-potentially subject to human manipulation -explains differential success |
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Magic
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supernatural techniques intended for specific aims
-supernatural beings & forces -include spells, formulas, incantation [imitative magic (voodoo), contagious magic, ritual magic] -controlling the uncontrollable [reduce anxiety, dispels doubt, produces solace] |
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Ritual
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stylized, repetitive social practice set off from the social routine of everyday life
liturgical orders- sequences known prior to event (crisis, special event) rites of passage-mark important stages in a life cycle (separation, liminality, incorporation) |
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Totemism
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belief that they descend from or are connected through a mythical being or force; creates group solidarity
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Kinds of Religion
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1 shamanic
2 commmunal 3 olympian 4 monotheism |
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Shamani
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animistic practices with part-time specialists
mediate btwn people and supernatural foraging, horticultural societies |
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Communal
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in addition to part time religious specialists:
have community rituals polytheistic horticultural societies |
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Monotheism
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fulltime religious specialists w/ belief in a single omnipotent diety
monotheistic state societies |
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Olympian
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belief in a pantheon of gods with full time religious specialists
polytheistic state societies |
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Functions of Religion
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1 Cultural Ecology: enviormental adaptation (adapting human behavior to local ecosystems)
-Bali water ritual, sacred cattle in India 2 Social control: a means for influencing beliefs and behavior; engages emotional response - crusade, taliban -defines right vs wrong: leveling mechanisms ( a cultural behavior that reduces differences between individuals, maintains norms) -codes of ethics -stressing afterlife -abusive means, reduce conflict |
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Religious Diversity
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religion affliation varies with ethnic background, age and geography
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Revitalization Movements
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where religious leaders alter/revitalize society
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Syncretisms
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-cultural and religious mixes
-creating new world views |
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Antimodernism
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rejection of modern in favor of a perceived earlier, better way of life
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Fundementalism
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Antimodernist movement in various religiong
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New Religious Movements
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-new age religions
-variety of influences and beliefs -official recognization brings priveledges |
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problem with religion vs secularism
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1 beliefs of supernatural: how do we classify secular rituals?
2 distinguishing the supernatural from natural worlds: how do we know what is religion and what is not? 3 what makes religious behavior since it varies greatly: who is to say what is the appropriate way to act? 4 distinguishing religion from secular: where does one end and the other begin? |
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Art
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an object or event that evokes an aesthetic reaction (aesthetic involves qualities & emotional responses to perceptions of art)
expressive culture -human ideas and beliefs -qualities of beauty and comfort - expressed & valued w/in culture - internalize as part of cultural tradition |
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Art encompasses all of culture
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economics
kinship marriage gender political religion |
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Western Cultures & art
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an individul act, full-time specializations
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Non-western art
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more collective production, part time
different purpose some individualtity |
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Art, society & culture
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Art as communication
1 artistic intentions & audenience reactions 2 can teach morality 3 can teach lessons 4 can express messages & memories (elicit emotions) |
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Transmission of art
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both the doing & appreciating is learned
dependent on cultural background; family learned |
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The World System
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world system theory stresses existence of a global culture; emphasizes:
- historic linkages - spread of industrialization |
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Industrial Degradation
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Industrialization led to increased interdependence
Expansion led to the destruction of foraging and land |
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Global Culture
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is a world system leading to a single global culture?
acculturation, westernization |
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Art encompasses all of culture
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economics
kinship marriage gender political religion |
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Contact
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destruction, domination, survival, adaptation, modification
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Western Cultures & art
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an individul act, full-time specializations
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Non-western art
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more collective production, part time
different purpose some individualtity |
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Art, society & culture
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Art as communication
1 artistic intentions & audenience reactions 2 can teach morality 3 can teach lessons 4 can express messages & memories (elicit emotions) |
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Transmission of art
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both the doing & appreciating is learned
dependent on cultural background; family learned |
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The World System
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world system theory stresses existence of a global culture; emphasizes:
- historic linkages - spread of industrialization |
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Industrial Degradation
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Industrialization led to increased interdependence
Expansion led to the destruction of foraging and land |
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Global Culture
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is a world system leading to a single global culture?
acculturation, westernization |
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Contact
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destruction, domination, survival, adaptation, modification
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What is anthropology?
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the exploration of human diversity in time and space
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A holistic and comparative perspective..
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most characterizes anthropology among the disciplines that study humans
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Which is NOT true about culture>
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culture is transmitted through biology
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Data collected using archaeological systematic surveys typically address all of the following questions except...
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what is the relative chronology of the layers exposed during excavation?
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In anthropology, cultural relativism is not a moral position but a methodological one, stating that:
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in order to understand another culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culture see things
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What archaic H. sapiens group has a pronounced brow ridge, stocky build, and massive nasal cavities--characteristics that resulted as adaptations to cold weather?
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Neanderthals
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In an example of applied anthropology's contribution to improving education, the Kottak textbook describes a study of Puerto Rican 7th graders in Midwestern US urban school. What did anthropologists discover in this study?
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the puerto rican students education was being affected by teacher's misconceptions
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what does the relationship between genetic traits and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and small pox illustrate?
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the ways in which human biological diversity reflects adaptation to such enviromental stresses as disease, diet and climate
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Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?
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ethinicity is one's identification with a group that shares a commmon set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms
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what is teh term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions?
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productivity
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what are cultural particulars?
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traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others
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Systematic survey and excavation...
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are the two major components of fieldwork in archaeology and paleoanthropology
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which of the following is NOT one of the kinds of archaeology discussed in the chapter?
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linguistic anthropology
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Ethnicity means identification with:
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and feeling part of a cultural tradition and exclusion from other cultural traditions
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Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates because of...
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the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance
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Natural selection is the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given enviroment do so in great numbers than others in the same population. But more than survival of the fittest, natural selection is the natural process that leads to...
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differential reproductive success
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In the debate of how speciation occurs, advocates of punctuated equilibrium...
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suggest that long periods of stasis (stability), during which spp change little, are interrupted by evolutionary leaps
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Darwin and Wallace simultaneously proposed which of the following theoretically models?
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Evolution and natural selection
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An examination of racial taxonomies from around the world would indicate that..
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the classification of racial types is an arbitrary and culturally specific process
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which of the following is not and example of participant observation?
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administering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone
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what is the term for the kind of cultural change that results when two or more cultures have consistent firsthand contact?
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acculturation
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which of the following statement about human skin color is NOT true?
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the amont of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose
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What does the term gene flow refer to>
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the exchange of genetic material between populations of the same spp
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primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to humans are two kinds of primates:
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those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes) and those most closely related to us--the great apes, specifically the chimps and gorillas
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based on theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or apes...
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rather, humans and african apes share a common ancestor
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bipedalism, consered a key defining characteristic that differentiated early hominins from other apes...
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perhaps developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat
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Which of the following is NOT considered a direct ancestor of anatomically modern humans?
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Australopithecus boisei
australopithecus africanus |
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all of the following illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists do except
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borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology
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which of the following statements about australopithecines is true?
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they were fully bipedal
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which of the following statements about the appearance of Homo habilis is true?
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H. habilis exhibits an expansion of cranial capacity
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biological and cultural changes enable H. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy--gathering and hunting. this in turn was crucial for H. erectus to...
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push the hominin range beyond Africa into Asia and Europe
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Which of the following statements about the concept of race in Brazil is NOT true?
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Racial classification in Brazil is built around the concept of hypodescent
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Which of the following is NOT a general trend in hominin evolution?
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a greater reliance on biological means of adaptation
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What species is associated with the cave paintings in western Europe?
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anatomically modern humans
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What are the for subfields of anthropology
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biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
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Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic strategies in their fieldwork. this means they are interested in applying both..
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local- and scientist-oriented research approaches
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the discussion of the major theoretical perspectives towards understanding culture that have characterized anthropology highlights all of the following EXCEPT
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the theorectical and methodogical shift from complexity to models that simplify human diversity
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What is the term for the variations in speech due to different contexts or situations..
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style shifting
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just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what is or isn't shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist. the linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of rules..
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the universal grammar
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Which of the following statements about US racial categories is true?
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these categories are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology
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Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. T or F?
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true
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The footprints at the site of Laetoli in northern Tanzania were made by Australopithecus afarensis. T or F?
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true
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Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to retain their identities. T or F?
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false
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Microevolution refers to small-scale change in allele frequencies over generations without speciation. T or F?
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true
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there is much greater variation w/in each of the traditional so-called races than between them. T or F?
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true
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Relative dating in archaeology and physical anthropology refers to cultural universal of incest taboos. T or F?
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false
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only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Europe and the US are ethnocentric. T or F?
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false
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according to arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the savannah. T or F?
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false
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one of the most surpirising aspects of the recent discovery of H. floresiensis, a spp of tiny people who lived, gathered and hunted on the Indonesian island of Flores from about 95,000 BP to 13,000 BP, is the specimens very large skulls, yet they lack behaviors associated with anatomically modern humans. T or F?
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false
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sapir and whof argued that all humans share a single set of universal grammatical categories. T or F?
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false
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Race
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a classification of peoples based on presumed biological similarities
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multiculturalism
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a national state of being viewed as desirable which assumes ethinic diversity, but does not assume ethnic hierarchies
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absolute dating
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radiometric dating technique that establishes ranges of numbers, giving exact dates
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adaptation
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a series of beneficial biological adjustments to the enviorment
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enculturation
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the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations
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linguistic anthropolgy
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studying language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time
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productivity
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the ability to use language rules to create new expressions
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Anthropoids
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primate suborder of monkeys and apes
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ethnicity
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a classification of people based on cultural, historical and genealogical factors
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acculturation
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the exchange of cultural features or traits when different groups come into continuous contact
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archaeology
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study of past human behavior through the culture's material remains
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mutation
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spontataneous, regular, and random alteration of genetic material that produces new variation
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Charles Darwin
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father of the theory of evolution
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hypodescent
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the children of a mixed couple are automatically categorized into the minority parent's group
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random genetic drift
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changes in gene frequencies (and gene pools) due to chance
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What are four of the eight traits of culture?
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shared
learned symbolic culture & nature all encompassing integrated, adaptive |
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Define culture
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a society's shared values and beliefs that are learned and passed from generation to generation
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Define ethinicity
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identification with an ethnic group and exclusion from others based on values, heritage, etc
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define darwin's principle of natural selection
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forms most successful at reproducing in specific enviroment are selected for
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name and explain one behavioral difference between human and non-human primates
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humans have extreme social tendencies, we tend to cooperate and share much more regularly than non-human primates
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explain what japanese "burakumin" is
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japanese lower class, genetically same as the rest of the population but actively discriminated against based on ancestry and location of birth
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Who was "koko" and why was he/she important to anthropology?
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koko was a gorilla that was taught ASL, proving that non-human primates were able to use a more complex form of language.
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