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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The four traditional subfields of anthropology
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Physical or Biological
Archaeological Cultural Linguistics |
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3. Which of the following are included within the field of anthropology?
a) The study of living and extinct primates b) The study of language, its structure, and change over time c) The study of modern cultures d) all of the above |
d.) All of the above
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What is Anthropology?
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the study of the human species (and its immediate ancestors) is ALL of its aspects (Biological, Cultural)
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How is culture obtained?
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It is learned
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What is culture?
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The customs, traditions, and beliefs of a people or society
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4. Which of the following best describes the fossil record?
a) fairly complete b) incomplete c) unbiased d) both a and c |
b.) incomplete
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Sir E. Tylor said "________" is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits aquired by man as a member of society."
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culture
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What type of science is anthropology?
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a humanistic science
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What is the concept of the "other"
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people who are different than you
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Is biological and social evolution still around today?
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yes
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Biological, or Physical, anthropology
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The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors; studies human biological diversity in time and space
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Archaeology
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study of human culture through the analysis of material remains
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Characteristic methodology of archaeology
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excavation
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Archaeology time range
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2 mya to present
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Cultural Anthropology
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Study of living people and their cultures including change. Describe and explain cultural similarities and differences.
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Linguistic Anthropology
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The branch of anthropology that studies linguistic variation in time and space, including interrelations between language and culture; includes historical linguistics and sociolinguistics.
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Applied Anthropology
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The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
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The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
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Applied Anthropology
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The branch of anthropology that studies linguistic variation in time and space, including interrelations between language and culture; includes historical linguistics and sociolinguistics.
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Linguistic Anthropology
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Urban Anthropology
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Studies challenges of urban environments (environmental and health)
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Studies challenges of urban environments (environmental and health
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Urban Anthropology
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Medical Anthropology
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Unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups.
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Unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups.
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Medical Anthropology
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Anthropology is ________ in that it is concerned with studying the whole of the human condition: past, present and future; biology, society, language, and culture.
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holistic
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Ethnography
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(based on fieldwork) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture.
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____________ ____________study present languages and make inferences about those of the past.
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Linguistic anthropologists
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Applied Anthropologists work in which subfield of Anthropology?
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All 4
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Facets of the AAA Code of Ethics
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-Informed Consent
-Include host country colleagues in planning and funding -Establish collaborative relationships w/ host country researchers -include host country researchers in dissemination of results -ensure that something is given back |
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Physical Anthropologist
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Human Fossils
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Archaeologist
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stone tools and artifacts
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Geologist
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Age of rocks
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zoologist
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nature of animals
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palynologist
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ancient pollen/plants
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Paleoecology
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ancient ecology/environments
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the cross-cultural and ethnographic study of global urbanization and life in cities.
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Urban anthropology
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Bioarchaeology
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Studies human skeletal materials
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Paleopathology
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study of disease and injury to the skeleton
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Forensic Anthropology
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works with law enforcement to recover and analyze human remains
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study of disease and injury to the skeleton
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Paleopathology
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How do you find sites?
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survey
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Types of surveys to find sites
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systematic and remote sensing
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Disease
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An etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
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An etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
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disease
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Negative aspects of excavation
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expensive, slow, destructive
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2 types of dating
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Relative and Absolute
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Absolute Dating
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Dating techniques that establish dates in numbers or ranges of numbers; examples include the radiometric methods of 14C, K/A, 238U, TL, and ESR dating.
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Dating techniques that establish dates in numbers or ranges of numbers; examples include the radiometric methods of 14C, K/A, 238U, TL, and ESR dating.
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Absolute Dating
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emic
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The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance.
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etic
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The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance.
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excavation
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Digging through the layers of deposits that make up an archaeological site.
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Digging through the layers of deposits that make up an archaeological site.
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excavation
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The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance.
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etic
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The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance.
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emic
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Radio Carbon Dating must use _______ materials
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organic
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Radio carbon dating looks at things only up to __________ years ago
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50,000
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KA Dating sands for
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Potassium Argon Dating
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What type of rock does KA dating use?
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volcanic
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Type of dating using volcanic rock
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Potassium-Argon
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Potassium-Argon dating looks at artifacts from how long ago
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500,000+
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The fieldwork method is also known as
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ethnography
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Ethnography
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Research process in which the anthropologist closely observes, records, and engages in the daily life of another culture- an experience labeled as the fieldwork method- & writes accounts of this culture, emphasizing descriptive detail
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Research process in which the anthropologist closely observes, records, and engages in the daily life of another culture- an experience labeled as the fieldwork method- & writes accounts of this culture, emphasizing descriptive detail
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Ethnography
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Ethnographic Techniques
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participant observations
field notes interviews constructing geneologies informants life histories longitudinal research |
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Emic
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native viewpoints; how local ppl think
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Etic
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scientific or anthropological viewpoint
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participant observation
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A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
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A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
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participant observation
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relative dating
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Dating technique, e.g., stratigraphy, that establishes a time frame in relation to other strata or materials, rather than absolute dates in numbers.
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Dating technique, e.g., stratigraphy, that establishes a time frame in relation to other strata or materials, rather than absolute dates in numbers.
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relative dating
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remote sensing
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Use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground.
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stratigraphy
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Science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata (singular, stratum).
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Science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata (singular, stratum).
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stratigraphy
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Use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground.
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remote sensing
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Does evolution make claims about God or meaning or spirituality?
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No
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t/f
Evolution is a scientific theory |
true
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Nuclear Family
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Parents and offspring
Dominant in America and Europe |
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Extended Family
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3 of more generations of related individuals; common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
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Where are patrilocal extended families common?
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Islamic world
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Family
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Two of more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
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Two of more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
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Family
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Family Consisting of parents and offspring
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Nuclear Family
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Most common form of family in America and Europe
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Nuclear Family
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Patrilocal extended families consist of:
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-Senior man and his wife
-Sons and their families -Unmarried daughters |
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What kind of families do the Nayar of South India live in?
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Tarawad
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What is the structure of a Tarawad family?
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Senior woman, her siblings, her children, her sister's children
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Nuclear families made up 60% of American families in 1950 but only ___ % in 2003
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23%
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American avg. age of marriage in 1970 and in 2003.
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20/23
25/27 |
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more or fewer children in households now than 1970?
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fewer
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Frequency of divorce in 1990's
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>50%
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Descent group
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a social unit that claims common ancestry. May consist of a lineage or clan.
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Nuclear Family
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Parents and offspring
Dominant in America and Europe |
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Extended Family
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3 of more generations of related individuals; common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
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Where are patrilocal extended families common?
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Islamic world
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Family
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Two of more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
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Two of more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
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Family
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Family Consisting of parents and offspring
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Nuclear Family
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Most common form of family in America and Europe
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Nuclear Family
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Patrilocal extended families consist of:
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-Senior man and his wife
-Sons and their families -Unmarried daughters |
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What kind of families do the Nayar of South India live in?
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Tarawad
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What is the structure of a Tarawad family?
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Senior woman, her siblings, her children, her sister's children
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Nuclear families made up 60% of American families in 1950 but only ___ % in 2003
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23%
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American avg. age of marriage in 1970 and in 2003.
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20/23
25/27 |
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more or fewer children in households now than 1970?
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fewer
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Frequency of divorce in 1990's
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>50%
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Descent group
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a social unit that claims common ancestry. May consist of a lineage or clan.
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Matrilineal descent
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Descent membership through mother
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Hopi: Patrilineal or Matrilineal?
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Matrilineal
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Descent membership through mother
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Matrilineal descent
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Patrilineal descent
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Descent membership through father
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Descent membership through father
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Patrilineal descent
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Scottish Clans: Patrilineal or Matrilineal?
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Patrilineal
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Marriage
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culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that established certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws
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culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that established certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws
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Marriage
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What universal problem is solved by marriage?
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Competition and conflict over sexual access and reproduction
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Who has 3-8 visiting husbands?
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Nayar of South India
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Men in Nayar
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visiting husbands
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Tobriand islander women
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pre-marriage "sexy outfits"
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polygamy
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Marriage with three or more spouses, at the same time; see also plural marriage.
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polygyny
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Variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife.
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polyandry
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Variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband
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Patrilineal descent:
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in this system group membership is determined by the father, you are a member of your fathers clan or group
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Matrilineal descent:
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reckon group membership through the mother
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Men in polyandry marriages are usually
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brothers
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Regulating sexual relations
America: |
traditionally sex is restricted prior to marriage and then within a marriage
relationship to one partner |
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Incest taboo
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prohibits sexual contact between close blood relatives
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Brideprice
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Payment from husband's family to bride's family as a compensation for her lost labor
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Dowry
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Payment of large # of gifts from wife's group to husband's group
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prohibits sexual contact between close blood relatives
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incest taboo
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Payment from husband's family to bride's family as a compensation for her lost labor
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brideprice
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Payment of large # of gifts from wife's group to husband's group
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dowry
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Sex is ___________ but gender is ________.
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biological; cultural
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Gender
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includes the cultural values and expectations concerning the behavior of males and females
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includes the cultural values and expectations concerning the behavior of males and females
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Gender
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Mens activities include:
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hunting large game, metalworking, making musical instruments, making stone tools, building houses
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Female activities:
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gathering plant foods, water and firewood, food preparation, dairy production. Cross culturally women do more domestic work and have great authority in caring for small children.
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XX
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female
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XY
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male
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Turner Syndrome
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X
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XY+AIG
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male/female hermaphrodites
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gender roles
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The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex.
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gender stereotypes
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Oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females.
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Biological explanation for gender roles
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men and women are genetically and hormonally distinct
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Oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females.
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Gender stereotypes
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The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex.
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gender roles
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Are gender stereotypes variable across cultures?
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yes
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Women as "fairer sex"
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swooning, military, warrior women (viking), body decoration
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In our culture there is a pretty dominant idea of gender as _______, male and female.
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binary
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Different cultures have different ways of defining gender, often not in our usual binary male and female, and also have different attitudes towards different types of sexual activity including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.
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Different cultures have different ways of defining gender, often not in our usual binary male and female, and also have different attitudes towards different types of sexual activity including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.
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Defining gender: Eunuchs
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castrati (castrated, high choir)
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Defining gender: American Indian
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"two spirits"
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transgender- American Indian
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Two-spirit, hemanah, winkte
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transgender- Samoa
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Fa'afafine
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transgender- India
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Hijra
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Examples of culturally constructed homosexuality
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Azande (Sudan)
Etoro (New Guinea) |
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Two-spirit, hemanah, winkte
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transgender- American Indian
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Fa'afafine
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transgender- Samoa
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Hijra
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transgender- India
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Elgin marbles
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taken from parthenon in Athens
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taken from parthenon in Athens
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Elgin marbles
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Examples of poor ethics in anthropology
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elgin marbles
temple of Artemis Priam's treasure |
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AAA code of ethics
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-informed consent
-include host country in planning and funding -establish collaborative relationships with host country researchers -include host country researchers in dissemination of results -ensure that something is "given back" |
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participant observation
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A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
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A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing
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participant observation
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Evolution is not just a theory, it is a
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fact
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Scientific theory
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an idea that we have about how something works that has been
ested, re-tested, and shown to be true over time |
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is an idea that we have about how something works that has been
tested, re-tested, and shown to be true over time |
Scientific theory
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The idea has survived 145 years of constant attack and new research and data. If it were not a useful and brilliant idea it would not be around anymore.
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evolution
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After all of these years, as a well tested a fully accepted scientific theory, __________ forms the foundation of all modern biological sciences including physical anthropology.
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evolution
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Descent with modification; or change over time.
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Evolution
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Natural Selection
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preferential survival and reproduction of individuals having advantageous
variations. Natural selection is selecting for those adaptive characteristics. |
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preferential survival and reproduction of individuals having advantageous
variations. ____________ _________ is selecting for those adaptive characteristics. |
Natural selection
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In biology, fitness=
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success in reproduction
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Darwin 1859 ____________________was published. In it he argued against the idea that each
species was created separately but instead that species had origins from previously existing organisms. The mechanism he proposed for this process of change he called natural selection, or evolution by means of natural selection. |
On the Origin of Species
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Author of On the Origin of Species
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Darwin
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(Darwin's book) The mechanism he proposed for this process of change he called ___________ ___________.
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natural selection
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“ As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it
follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better change of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form” |
Darwin, "On the Origin of Species" intro
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This is basically a logical argument saying that if these four conditions are present then evolution
by natural selection will occur. |
Condition 1: IF there is a Struggle for existence (over-population, not enough resources), AND
Condition 2: IF Phenotype is variable AND Condition 3: IF Existence depends on phenotype AND Condition 4: IF Phenotype is heritable THEN Evolution by natural selection, e.g., transformation of species over time or descent with modification. |
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Thomas Malthus:
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population studies showing that there is a struggle for existence
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T/F Darwin invented idea of evolution
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False- natural selection
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Phenotype
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physical expression of genetics
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Genotype
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genetics
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____________ is the result of a combination of genetics and environment.
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Phenotype
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Natural selection works on genotype or phenotype?
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Natural selection works on the phenotype or the outward expression of the
genetics, NOT on the genotype or the genes themselves. |
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natural selection can only work based on ____________ variations in a population
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existing
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Recombination
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of the mixing of mother and father’s genetic material to create new
variation |
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Mutation
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mutations occur through errors in copying DNA within a cell or can be the
result of UV radiation. -mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral. Most are neutral. -but they will only be passed on to future generations if they occur in an egg or sperm cell. |
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Gene flow
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the movement of genetic material between population through
interbreeding. |
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___________ occur through errors in copying DNA within a cell or can be the
result of UV radiation. |
mutations
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the movement of genetic material between population through
interbreeding. |
Gene flow
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of the mixing of mother and father’s genetic material to create new
variation |
Recombination
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How do we get variation in population?
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-Gene flow
-Mutations -Recombination |
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T/F Variation is random and does not anticipate the needs of the organisms.
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True
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T/F Variation constrains evolution.
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True
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Directional selection
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is long term or consistent selection for certain phenotypes in an
environment such that one phenotype becomes more common and others are removed from the population. -Example: Galapagos finches. |
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long term or consistent selection for certain phenotypes in an environment such that one phenotype becomes more common and others are removed
from the population. |
Directional Selection
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Example of directional selection
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Galapagos finches.
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Stabilizing selection
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produces no evolution/change. Stabilizing selection occurs when
there is very strong selection against deviation from the average. -Example: Zebra stripes. |
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produces no evolution/change. occurs when there is very strong selection against deviation from the average.
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Stabilizing selection
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Sexual selection:
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Another specific form of selection is known as sexual selection. Sexual
selection is selection by one sex for traits in the other. -Female choice: peacock tails -Male-male competition: arms race |
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Another specific form of selection is known as sexual selection. Sexual
selection is selection by one sex for traits in the other. |
Sexual Selection
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Can you have evolution without selection?
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-Yes
- random genetic drift. Random changes in the frequency of phenotypes in a population. This is especially important process for small populations. |
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random genetic drift
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Random changes in the frequency of phenotypes in a population.
This is especially important process for small populations. |
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Example of evolution without selection
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random genetic drift
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Principle of Frustration
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If evolution by natural selection works towards making species more fit, why do harmful variations still exist in populations?
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If evolution by natural selection works towards making species more fit, why do harmful variations still exist in populations?
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Principle of Frustration
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Classification of living organisms by
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Carl von Linne
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Carl von Linne
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Classified living organisms
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Phylogeny
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ancestor-descent relationships
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Goal of taxonomy
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to group organisms so that groupings reflect phylogeny (ancestor-descent relationships)
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Analogous structures
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(homoplasties) similar structures that are independently derrived
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Homologous structures
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structures that are alike bc of shared ancestry (ex: arm of a human and wing of a bat)
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Analogous or Homologous: arm of a human and wing of a bat
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homologous
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Analogous or Homologous: wing of a bird and wing of a bat
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Analogous
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Convergent Evolution
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independent operation of similar selective forces; process by which analogies are produced
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Species
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a potentially interbreeding infertile group of organisms that are reproductively isolated from all other organisms
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Species are given a two part name referred to as a _______________.
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binomen
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a potentially interbreeding infertile group of organisms that are reproductively isolated from all other organisms
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species
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Binomen
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2 part name given to a species
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Cladistics
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branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared derived (new) traits
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Classification
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Human Kingdom
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Animal
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Human Phylum
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Chordata
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Human Class
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Mammalia
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Human Family
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Hominidae (great apes and humans)
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Human Genus
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Homo (big brains)
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Human Species
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sapiens (small face, presence of bony chin)
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Primates have Grasping hands and feet: good for locomotion and feeding in trees
-pentadactyly -prehensile grip to some extent in most primates—opposable thumb and big toe (except spider monkey) -high manual dexterity |
Primates have Grasping hands and feet: good for locomotion and feeding in trees
-pentadactyly -prehensile grip to some extent in most primates—opposable thumb and big toe (except spider monkey) -high manual dexterity |
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T/F Primates are generally arboreal
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True
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T/F Primates have hands and feet with sensitive pads
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True
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Primates- flat nails or raised claws
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flat nails
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Primates posture
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upright in upper body (frees arms for grasping, flexible shoulder, strong collar bone, strong arms)
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T/F Primates have a reduced snout and sense of smell
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True
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Primate's increased visual perception
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large eyes, depth perception, color vision
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Parental involvement for primates
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strong- long gestation period, single offspring, born highly dependent, strong mother-child bond
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Do most primates live in social groups?
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yes
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Is grooming a common form of social interaction for primates
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yes
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Only primates that don't spend significant time in trees
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gorillas and humans
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encephalization
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brain weight to body weight- increased in primates
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Two main groups of primates
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prosimians and anthropoids
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