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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another name for Human Paleontology
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paleoanthropology
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5 Types of Anthropology
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Biological Anthropology
Archaeology Linguistics Ethonology |
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Types of Biological Anthropology
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Human Paleontology
Human Variation population biology epidemiology |
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Another Name for Human Paleontology
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paleoanthropology
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Human Paleontology/paleoanthropology
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uses specific fossils (good to have disturbed sites)
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Human Variation
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genetics and variation of genetic traits
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population biology
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environment affects on humans
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epidemiology
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the study of how different diseases affect different cultures, and why
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Archaeology
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Learn through remains (sites (undisturbed areas)), before written languages (generally)
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Another name for Linguistics
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Anthropological Linguistics
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Historical Linguistics
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development (changes) and emergence of languages over time
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Structural Linguistics
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How languages differ, especially in pronunciation or construction
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sociolinguistics
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How language is used in a social context. The way certain things are said.
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How long have written languages existed?
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5,000 years about
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Parts of Linguistics/Anthropological Linguistics
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Historical Linguistics, Structural Linguistics, sociolinguistics
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What is another name for Ethnology?
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Cultural Anthropology
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What are examples of practitioners of Ethnology?
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Ethnohistorians, Ethnographers
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Field Methods of Anthropology?
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Random Sampling, Statistics, Ethnography, Within Culture Comparison, Regional Culture Comparison, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Historical Research, Excavation
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Operational Definition
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The procedure/method of how a variable is measured.
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Gloger's Rule
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For birds and mammals, the closer they are to harmful UV rays the more melanin that their skin will have.
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Allen's Rule
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Longer protruding limbs in hotter areas, because increased surface area to cool.
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How long ago did Primates Evolve from other Mammals?
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Undisputedly, 55 mya. With dispute, there could be primates that emerged 65 mya.
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Artifact Dating Techniques
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Stratigraphy, Absolute dating
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Stratigraphy
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Looking at the layers in which artifacts/ecnofacts/tools/features were found.
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Types of absolute dating
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Carbon-14 and Ar-k
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DNA Clock
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Assuming constant rate of protein change/modification, difference in proteins can determine how long ago a species was made
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Genetic Drift
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Wright Effect (random), Founder Effect (first populators of an area will have the most effect on genes that can be transferred)
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Natural Selection
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The most fit traits will proliferate, while unfit traits will die out. Naturally, the most suited to live will be selected
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Mutation
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Random incorrect copying. Biggest source of variation.
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Gene Flow
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A normalizing effect. In a geographic area, genes/traits will be shared amongst the organisms.
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Phenotype
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Physical Characteristic
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Genotype
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DNA declaration of a trait (not all genotypes show up as a phenotype)
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Cline
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Appearance of a gene from one side of a geographic area to the other side of a geographic area
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Primatologists
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Anthropologists, psychologists, biologists specializing in study of primates
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All Anthropoids
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Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys)
callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins) cebids (all other New World Monkeys) Catarrhines (New World Apes) Colobine Monkeys Cercopithecine Monkeys Hominoids Gibbons and Siamangs Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Hominoids |
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Features of Anthropoids
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rounded brain cases, non-muzzle faces, dexterous hands, non-mobile ears
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Another name for Platyrrhines
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New World Monkeys
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Features of Platyrrhines
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Some prehensile tails
3 molars no ear tube through skull broad nose facing outwards |
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Another name for callitrichids
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marmosets and tamarins
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Features of callitrichids
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Small sized, claws (no nails), twin birthing, Monogamy or plyandry, insect eaters, small bodies, generally don't leave trees
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cebid monkeys are ...
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all other New World Monkeys
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Features of cebids
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size >callitrichids, single births, 4 years of independence at birth, some vegetable diets but mostly fruit eaters, sometimes patriarch/matriarch sometimes large groups
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Another name for Catarrhines
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Old world primates
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Features of Catarrhines
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More closely related to humans, narrow nose, nostrils facing downwards, two premolars, ear tubes in skull
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Another name of cercopithecoids
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Old World Monkeys
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Features of cercopithecoids
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in very diverse climates, same number of teeth as apes and humans
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All Catarrhines
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cercopithecoids (old world monkeys)
colobine monkeys cercopithecine monkeys hominoids gibbons and siamangs orangutans gorillas chimpanzees hominoids |
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All Platyrrhines
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callatrichids (marmosets and taraminds)
cebids (all other new world monkeys) |
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All cercopithecoids
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colobine monkeys
cercopithecine monkeys |
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colobine monkeys
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crazy colored babies, mothers allow social mothering, graphically based male-dominance, less fruit dependent than cercopethecines
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cercopithecine monkeys
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many many terrestrial species, sexual dimorphism (males are larger, bigger canines, and agressive), more fruit dependent than colobines, ischial callosities, food pouches in cheeks, genetic relatedness plays large role in societal alliances
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All Hominoids
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Gibbons and Siamangs
Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Hominids |
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Features of Hominoids
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large cerebral cortex (integrate data), no tails, flexible arm joints, long strong hands, flat rounded molars, 'y-5' pattern (5 cusps & groove opening toward cheeck), large canine teeth and gap called diastema (but not in hominid)
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Gibbons and Siamangs
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Lesser ape, gibbon size < siamang size, no sexual dimorphism, territorial (chase off young after maturation, sings to advertise territory)
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Orangutans
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sexual dimorphism (males twice as large as females, large cheek pads, throat pouches, long hair), arboreal, fruit eaters, distinct local cultures (group size determined by predators & food)
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Gorillas
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opposite most ape diets, sexual dimorphism (males twice as large as females), largest of surviving apes, knuckle walking (thickly padded middle joints), younger = better climber, silverback is boss (main protector, decider of migration), ground nests
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Chimpanzee
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bonobos more gregarious, female centered groups, tree nests, ≈ no sexual dimorphism (canines of males are larger though), hunters of even larger mammals (esp. when other food scarce), males hunt food social gather afterwards where others beg for food (9+ hours), grooming/toolmaking/maturation/moving not climate induced (possibly cultural)
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Hominids
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5-6 mya chimps and apes diverged.
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brachiation
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travel through trees, hand over hand through trees
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prehensile
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grasping tail
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bipedalism
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walking on two feet
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knuckle walking
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how chimps and apes walk on all fours
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