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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Status
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-specific social position in a particular interaction
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Role
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- particular behavior with associated status
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Social boundaries
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-us & them; we are______
-softly or rigidly maintained |
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-A Groups way of life can be seen as a group of interrelated systems.
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–economics, religion, politics, family
-not necessarily harmonious politics v. religion these conflicts often lead to social change |
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Change:
no such thing as an |
untouched group-unchanged by time
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Power:
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a quality or condition that permits one individual or group to control the behavioral options of another person or group.
-someone who makes policy is powerful -people who make laws -school committee |
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not all socioculture think of power as
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being able to force others to their will
-can come in many different forms |
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Gender:
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male & female
notice before others the way other cultures think about gender is not always the same as us. -not all cultures limit to 2 genders |
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Ideal v. Real:
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all sc systems have a gap between I vs R
-ex: what is marriage? ideal:man & woman forever real: high divorce rates, other pairings |
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all socialcultures
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have a world view but they may not all be the same
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Example of accpet modify and reject of sociocultural change model
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The wheel believed to be invented in the new world-true but only found in toys-pull carts,etc… not found in new world-wheel rejected
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Example of sociacultural change
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stimuli-too much paper too much work, etc…
produce new ideas-computer put forth by donors recipients no scary yes computer but only for some things |
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Revolution examples
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-nazism
-The American Indian Ghost Dance of the 1890’s; if they performed it accurately the ancestors would come back to overthrow the white people and native Americans would prosper while the white would die out. -The Religion of Handsome Lake: |
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Two Types of Change
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Directed
nondirected |
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Directed
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- donors have coercive force to make recipients accept change.
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Non-Directed
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- there is no force.
Acculturation- change from the contact of two different cultures -acculturation-change from both ways |
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Directed
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-donors have coersive force to make recipients accept change
ex: native Americans moved to make land for settlers still goes through modification process ex:Santeria-religion close to voodoo blends of indigenous religion & Catholicism. -cannot wohsip your own god, here is the virgin mary- groups would blend their religions together |
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Cultural ecology
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relationship with people & their environment
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ecological base
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-a change in one signifies a change in the other.
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demography
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-how many people and how spread out
economic production-group’s level ex: pigmies small group can hunt & gather, larger have to produce foods which can lead to more people |
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All sc values shaped by
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ecological base; religion, family, etc…
ex: why do we see 2 genders-base is where we can go to start to piece together answers |
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4 types of SC systems:
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1.bands
2.Tribes 3.Chiefdoms 4.States (Industrial & Non-industrial) States came out of chiefdoms, etc… generally not always same order-one is not better than other often see this trend of shift |
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Start to understand by looking at economics
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Production
Distribution Consumption |
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Production:
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help explain the different types of sc systems that we see-foundation
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ALL SC systems have a division of labor-can be strictly maintained or softly maintained
examples: |
ex: pygmies men hunt, women gather, men can gather too
inuit-women can be killed for touching hunting tools because they pollute them. |
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primary division is based on
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gender.
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primary division is based on gender. Why?
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one theory:men are stronger than women? there are many cultures where women do the hard work.
some occupations have nothing to do with men. theory two: women only one who can give birth-should stay at home with children.-other cultures defy this theory 3: division of labor is best maximized use of labor |
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Another division of labor;
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socioeconomic classes & castes
-certain income certain occupations -can not move up & down in castes |
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Economic production:
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techniques & behaviors for producing subsistence & other goods
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4 Primary types:
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huntering & gathering: foraging
PAstoralism: herding Agriculture: extensive & intensive Industrial Production |
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Hunters &gatherers: foragers
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100% dependence on natural environment
often have things from outside but are not dependent had to be very mobile-follow resources small group-outstrip resource if too big minimal complexity-everyone can do it gender division of labor-women tend to gather &men tend to hunt no political leader importance of gathered foods-80% of diet –women tend to bring in 20%-men bring in tastiest &most valued gender equality-men valued women’s contribution & women valued men’s. people are not starving; select from a wide possibility eat what they like 3 days a week to meet their needs until 10000 years ago we were all foragers today they exist in nation states children are not separated from parents- this is how they get their education Mbuti are hunters & gatherers usually divided into net hunters & spear hunters Kung San Inuit |
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PAstoralism/herding
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usually tribal groups-larger, more sedentary
because they start to get more private ownership-need land and water-start to get territory migrate within a known territory-cannot run out of food &water not just after the meat slight gradation of wealth but generally egalitarian sometimes we see boundaries of private ownership pf grazng areas Masai Pastoralists (East of Africa) generally live near agriculturalists so they can trade-milk for grain, etc… usually women who take care of cows |
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Extensive Agriculture/horticulture/
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slash & burn agriculture/shifting agriculture
not intensive use of any of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, or machinery once land is used, they burn it down; ash provides nutrients, they move to another piece and so on Larger & more sedentary-simple tools, easy crops, tribal |
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Intensive Agriculture:
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is labor intensive
fertilization, irrigation same plot of land greater yield for smaller plot of land, but more labor very sedentary typical of nonindustrial states machine vs. hand labor-much variation; hand plow vs. mechanized agribusiness-industrial states increases population-more food, less people t produce more food for more people extreme end is commercialization from farmer brown to producing for the market-coffee, sugar cane, etc… |
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Industrial Production:
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producing good other than food, not just food, information, etc..
greater use of machines humans run machines & assembly lines to make products great degree of labor specialization; not everyone can do everything inefficient use of energy always linked to states great manipulation of the natural environment population grows exponentially stratification-more gap between haves & have nots production is an individual effort-not kinship groups philosophy becomes secularized machines alienate workers Industrialization is inefficient in terms of energy use-use a tremendous amount of world’s fossil fuels in a very short period of time |
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World System:
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-entire world involved in industrial production
-population shifts -inequalities are heightened American toys being made in factories in other countries-different regulations, no minimum wages-sweat shops |
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Unequal Impacts of the World System
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-murati hunters & gatherers –piplelines put in, scared off the game, can not compete with their skills
-taking resources from other areas causing pollution all band societies subsist by hunting & gathering but not all hunters & gatherers are in bands (many are) |
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General Trends of Socio-Cultural Evolution
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Increased Population
Increased Complexity Increased Use of Biomass Increased Social Stratification and Inequality Kinship to Class-based Social Interactions |
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family defined
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a social and economic unit consisting minimally of one or more parents and their child(ren).
Members have reciprocal rights and obligations. |
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Types of Family
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Independent/Nuclear
Extended Family Single-parent (Including Matrifocal) |
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Independent/Nuclear Family Defined
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Definition- a monogamous (single-couple) family. It is one man and one woman with their unmarried children in the same household.
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Independent/Nuclear Family Facts
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Family in our own society
Ecological base that uses wage labor Not feasible to support large group of one paycheck 1 of least common at societal level |
