Anthropology Exam 2

Front 1

What is the Neolithic Revolution?

Back 1

a major turning point in human history. Humans began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals. This was a change from the system of hunting and gathering that had sustained humans from earliest times. As a result, permanent settlements were established.

Front 2

What were the transition stages of the neolithic revolution?

Back 2

Food production •Sedentism:settled life•Domestication•Elaboration of material culture•Increasing social stratification

Front 3

Describe Natufian culture?

Back 3

they were hunter-gatherers, and they located their settlements at the boundaries between coastal plains and hill country, to maximize their access to a wide variety of food.

Front 4

Describe the transition to food production?

Back 4

actively controlling resources

•Selectionof phenotypes

•Land clearing

•Reproductive intervention

Front 5

Why transition to food production?

Back 5

•Excessive resource exploitation?

•Population pressure?

•Climate change?

•Cultural changes?

Front 6

What is domestication?

Back 6

•The deliberate modification or adaptationof a plant or animal population for use by humans.

Front 7

What is cultivation?

Back 7

in reference to the way farmers tend to their crops in ways like irigation

Front 8

What is pastoralism?

Back 8

dependence on domesticated animalresources

Front 9

Describe some domesticated animals during this time period?

Back 9

•Old World: dogs, sheep, goats, cattle,horses, camels, pigs, chickens

•New World: llamas, alpacas, turkeys,guinea pigs

Front 10

Describe some domesticated plants during this time period?

Back 10

Old World: Barley, Peas, Flax, Coffee, Rice, Mango, Banana

New World: maize (corn), beans, squash,peppers, chocolate, vanilla

Front 11

What is the difference between wild wheat and domesticated wheat?

Back 11

Wild Wheat: Small fruits, Shattering rachis (stem to which fruitsare attached)

Domesticated Wheat: Larger Fruits, Tougher rachis (requires threshing)

Front 12

What are the centers for plant domestication?

Back 12

China, SE Asia, India, Turkey, Iraq, Ethiopia, Mediterranean, Meso America, Andes

Front 13

What is the three sisters method of planting?

Back 13

winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans). ... In one technique known as companion planting, the three crops are planted close together.

Front 14

what is horticulture?

Back 14

•shiftingcultivation with hand tools

Front 15

what is agriculture?

Back 15

•permanentfields, often irrigated

Front 16

Consequences of the Neolithic?

Back 16

1)Decrease in diet variability
2)Deficiency diseases•Dental decay
3)Infectious disease•Sanitation•Human/animal contact
4)Environmental degradation
5)Free time (?)
6)Specialization
7)Land ownership
8)Increased fertility

Front 17

What is sedentism?

Back 17

simply refers to the practice of living in one place for a long time.

Front 18

What happened with social complexity with the rise of cities and states?

Back 18

•Sedentism changed the way humans viewedproperty.

•Surplus freed up time for specialization•Wealth, power, and prestige became lessequal in some societies.

Front 19

Types of human societies

Back 19

1.Bands2.Tribes3.Chiefdoms4.States5.Empires

Front 20

What are bands?

Back 20

Small foraging societies, usuallyless than 50 people, where labor is divided by ageand sex,

Front 21

What are tribes?

Back 21

Relatively egalitarian farmingor herding societies that tend to be larger than Bands. Kinshipis the primary framework for organizing social and political life.

Front 22

What are chiefdoms?

Back 22

A sociallystratified societyin which a chief and close relatives enjoy more wealth, power, and prestige.

Front 23

What are states?

Back 23

A stratifiedsociety withspecialized government institutions, taxes, and specialized craft production. The structure of society ismaintained through the force of armiesand police. Writingis often necessary to maintain records.

Front 24

What are empires?

Back 24

State level societies that conquerother states.

Front 25

What is Unilineal cultural evolution

Back 25

the idea that human societies haveprogressed from savagery to civilization. This way of thinking views small egalitarian societies as primitiverelics of the past.

Front 26

Define egalitarian?

Back 26

all adults have relatively equal access to wealth, power, and prestige

Front 27

Define Kinship

Back 27

blood relationship

Front 28

Define social stratification

Back 28

refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

Front 29

What mound in Cahokia indicates inequality inwealth, power, and prestige and how?

Back 29

Mound 72.

•A single burial on 20,000 shell beads. •800 arrowheads, copper and mica sheets, 15 polished stone disks •50 sacrificed young women •4 decapitated men with their hands cut off •3 high status men and women

Front 30

What is Cahokia?

Back 30

•Sedentism in the area by AD 600•By AD 1050, a complex chiefdom rulingsurrounding villages and homesteads –Mississippian Culture

Front 31

Define Civilization

Back 31

the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.

Front 32

When were the earliest cities?

Back 32

6000-4000 years ago

Front 33

What are the characteristics of the earliest cities?

Back 33

Agricultural innovation

Diversification of labor (Specialization) Centralized authority

Social stratification (Social classes, Rank)

Front 34

What is archeological evidence of cities?

Back 34

•Burial customs•Grave goods•Monumental architecture•Wealth differences•Writing, art

Front 35

Hypotheses about why central authoritydeveloped

Back 35

Ecological hypotheses (Irrigation/water,Scarce resources, Trade networks)
Ideological (Social capital,Control of intangible)

Front 36

Describe the characteristics of the houses in Çatalhöyük

Back 36

•Rectangular, flat-roofed houses•Mud brick walls between oak posts•windowless walls•Entrance through roof only•Benches around 3 sides•Hearths and ovens

Front 37

Describe the clay statues in Çatalhöyük

Back 37

Females: young and old, some givingbirth, some in deified poses

Front 38

Describe the use of skulls in Çatalhöyük

Back 38

•Use of skulls: •Headless burials •Skulls associated with shrines

Front 39

Describe the subsistence and trade in Çatalhöyük

Back 39

•Subsistence: (Wheat, barley, peas•Nuts•Sheep and cattle•Wild oxen, red deer, wild donkeys) •Trade (Obsidian: control over source?•Imports: flint (Syria), shells(Mediterranean), copper)

Front 40

Describe the burial practices in Çatalhöyük

Back 40

Both sexes with grave goods•Female burials: jewelry, mirrors,baskets, bone tools•Male burials: maceheads,flint daggers, obsidian points, bone tools, belt fasteners, clay seals

•Burial locations•Outside “shrine” rooms have fewer goods•Inside “shrine” rooms have more goods•Higher status burials associated withritual places?•Most goods = females

Front 41

Describe the life span and population in Çatalhöyük

Back 41

•Population•Estimates range from 1,650 to 10,000 (Ian Hodder: 5,000•Estimate of density of houses at site•4 people per house)

•Lifespan:•Men: 34 years•Women: 30•Some lived past 60