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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define artifact
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Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity
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Define ecofact
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Any flora or fauna material found at an archaeological site; non-artifactual evidence that has not been technologically altered but that has cultural relevance such as a shell carried from the ocean to an inland settlement (by products of human activity).
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Define feature
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Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches
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Define site
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A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity
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Define ethnoarchaeology
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The study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these object become part of the archaeological record.
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Define Strata
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Layer; in geological terms, a layer of rock and soil
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How are archaeological sites identified?
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Sites are identified by taking an archaeological survey (Businesses such as Wal-Mart will call archaeologists to research whether or not a piece of land is okay to build a building on. Business will pay archaeologists to research and then advertise their business).
Accidental Identification is also possible |
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How are archaeological sites excavated?
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The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering and accompanying them. Form of destruction, once excavated a sit is gone forever. Digging, sifting, flotation methods…
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What characterizes a state-level society?
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20,000+, Class/Caste Based, Centralized government, urban, sedentary, public works/monuments, True cities, Specialization of Labor, Social Stratification, Example: The Maya
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How is it different than chiefdoms, tribes, or bands?
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Bands→Less than 100, No Leaders, Hunter Gatherers, No permanent buildings
Tribes→Up to a few thousand, “collection of bands”, No coercion, No real centralization, achieved status, sedentary or semi-sedentary, Example: Historic Mandan Indians Chiefdom→5,000-20,000, Ranked society (ascribed status), Some centralization, rudimentary bureaucracy (Born with power), fully sedentary Example: Cahokia |
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Where were the first villages?
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First villages were in Brazil & Venezuela, Called Yanomano, total population 15,000, Village size 40-300, one building
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Where were the first cities?
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Uruk was the 1st City on earth, 5,500 years again, Expanded out 6 miles, Complex organization with priests, bureaucrats, and traders, Had the first standing army…
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Achieved vs. ascribed status
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Achieved→Status to choose or earn (Education, job, political party)
Ascribed→Status you are born with (Race, sex, hereditary, etc.) |
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What was the name of the first state? What was its writing like? Where was it?
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Ancient Sumer in the Middle East
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What are some ideas for factors that motivated the invention of state-level societies?
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➢ Agricultural Innovations (Irrigation systems, modify landscapes, social tension to large populations due to competing for resources, Hydraulic Hypothesis→Manipulation of water requires organization
➢ Division/Diversification of labor, Trade Hypothesis→Long distance trade requires organization, difficult to assess archaeologically ➢ Professional standing armies, cities have armies from beginning except ancient Crete (No Walls, no evidence of an army), Warfare Hypothesis→Population is growing, limited resources would have led to warfare with victors (& controllers emerging) ➢ Action Theory→Ecological forces are important, but leaders are more important, Influence of powerful individuals looking for self-advancement (manipulating politics, religion, or both) ➢ Multiple explanations may be the best fit |
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What was Mayan agriculture based on?
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Corn…maybe some turkeys and potatoes were domesticated there
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Describe differences between the Aztecs and Maya.
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➢ Aztecs→Really organized, violent, run military conquests over their neighbors
➢ Mayans→Peaceful, made up of city states and not always completely organized |
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What is a sodality?
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➢ Special purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest
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What is NAGPRA?
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The Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act passed by Congress in 1990
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Who is Kennewick Man?
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➢ Kennewick Man→A skeleton found in the state of Washington in 1996, 8 Anthropologists sued the Corps of Engineers for permission to study the bones, The Umatilla wanted to rebury their ancestor, Granted a 10 day study period, but no scientific journals were ever reported, radiocarbon date of 9300 B.P.
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What is feminist archaeology?
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➢ Archaeology that rejected biological determinism of sex roles, arguing that cultural and historical factors were responsible for how a society allocated tasks and that this allocation could change over time. The goal was to develop a view of the past that “replaces focus on remains with a focus on people as active social agents”
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Phonemes & Morphemes ???
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➢ Phonemes→Minimal units of sounds
➢ Morphemes→Minimal units of meaning |
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Morphemes (free + bound)???
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• Free Morphemes can stand alone
o Care, love, father, honest, quick, car • Bound Morphemes cannot o -ing, -ly, -s |
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Lovingly
-Cars -Quickly -Caring -Fatherly |
3
2 2 2 2 |
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Historical linguistics?
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Branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages
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sociolinguistics?
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The study of language and its social contexts
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Ethno-linguistics?
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The study of the meaning of words, especially as they relate to folk taxonomy
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Descriptive linguistics?
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The study of the structure of language and language variation
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Language?
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The system of arbitrary symbols human beings use to encode and communicate about their experience of the world and of one another
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Paralanguage Haptics?
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The study of touch
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Paralanguage Kinesics?
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The study of body language
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Paralanguage Proxemics?
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The study of social space
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➢ Paralanguage Appearance?
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Tattoos, piercings, Kimonos in Japan, Sumptuary Laws (Law about what you can wear)
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Pidgins and Creoles?
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➢ Pidgins→Hybrid languages, incomplete languages, part of grammar and part of vocabulary
➢ Creoles→Developed from Pidgins, English is a creole |
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Displacement?
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Our human ability to talk about absent or nonexistent objects and past or future events as easily as we discuss our immediate situations
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Arbitrary?
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The fact that there is no universal, necessary link between particular linguistic sounds and particular linguistic meanings
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Indo-European?
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140 languages, 6,000 years of language divergence
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Linguistic isolates?
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Japanese, Basque, and Quechua
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What is English?
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➢ English is Germanic and part of the Indo-European
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Pragmatics??
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➢ The study of how language is actually used, studying discourse often provides indications of social relationships among individuals
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➢ Horticulture?
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The study of science and technology which is present when we began to settle down because people could specialize
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➢ Pastoralism?
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The part of agriculture where they herd and raise livestock, also happened when we settled down
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➢ Slash and burn?
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A method of clearing farm land where you cut down all the trees and burn them to create fertilizer and then a person farms on this land. It is a good way to farm in small proportions but it doesn’t work in large societies because they run out of room. It is also hard on the environment which is one of the reasons the Middle East became barren.
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Broadly, what types of materials were domesticated first and in what regions of the globe?
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➢ Domestication of plants were domesticated first in regions of Natufin, Jerusalem
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