Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Kinship System
|
The predominant form of kin relationship in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved.
|
|
|
Kinship
|
Sense of being related to another person(s)
Set by rules (sometimes laws) Often taken for granted as being “natural” rather than cultural Kinship is linked with all aspects of culture |
|
|
Descent
|
The tracing of kinship relationships through parentage.
|
|
|
Bi lineal Descent
|
The tracing of descent through both parents.
Married couples live away from their parents Inheritance is allocated equally between siblings Dominant in foraging and industrial/informatics cultures |
|
|
Uni lineal Descent
|
the tracing of descent through only one parent
Basis of kinship in 60% of the world’s cultures Most associated with pastoralism, horticulture, and agricultural modes of production |
|
|
Patrilineal Descent
|
Found among 45% of all cultures
Kinship is traced through the male line Males dominate status, power, and property |
|
|
Matrilineal Descent
|
Found among 15% of all cultures
Kinship is traced through the female line Women control land and products Example: the Minangkabau of Indonesia |
|
|
Marriage
|
A union, usually between 2 people who are likely to be, but are not necessarily, co-resident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative
Cultures define marriage differently Selecting a spouse relies on rules of exclusion and preference |
|
|
Incest Taboo
|
A strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with in kin
Perhaps the most rigid regulation specifying whom one may or may not marry is the |
|
|
Endogamy
|
marriage within a particular group or locality
|
|
|
Parallel Cousin
|
offspring of either one's father brother or one's mother's sister.
|
|
|
Cross-Cousin
|
offspring of either one's father sister or one's mother's brother.
|
|
|
Exogamy
|
Marriage outside of a particular group or locality
|
|
|
Dowry
|
The transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly married couple
|
|
|
Bride Price
|
The transfer of cash and goods from the groom's family to the bride's family and to the bride
|
|
|
Bride Service
|
A form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain length of time before returning home with the bride.
|
|
|
Monogamy
|
Marriage between 2 people
|
|
|
polygamy
|
Marriage involving multiple spouses
|
|
|
Polygyny
|
Marriage of one husband with more or more than 1 wife
|
|
|
Polyandry
|
Marriage of one wife with more than one husband
|
|
|
Family
|
A group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing
|
|
|
Household
|
Either one person living alone or a group of people who may not be related by kinship and who share living space
|
|
|
Nuclear household
|
a domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or partners) with or without children
|
|
|
Extended Household
|
a coresidentail group that comprises more than 1 parent- child unit.
|
|
|
What are the 3 ways of being Kin?
|
Descent
Sharing Marriage |
|
|
Foraging
|
Descent & inheritance
-- Bilineal Marital Residence --Neolocal or bilocal Household type --Nuclear |
|
|
Horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture (producers)
|
Descent & inheritance
-- Unilineal (Matrilineal or Patrilineal) Marital Residence --Matrilocal or patrilineal Household type --Extended |
|
|
industrialism/informatics
|
Descent & inheritance
-- Bilineal Marital Residence --Neolocal Household type --Nuclear, single parent, or single person |
|
|
Structure of Unilineal Descent Systems
|
Lineages
Clans Phratries Moieties Combinations |
|
|
kinship is created by sharing in many cultures?
|
Food sharing
Godparents Adoption and fostering |
|
|
Hypergyny
|
The bride marries a groom or a higher status
The groom may be wealthier, more educated, older, or taller |
|
|
Hypogyny
|
The bride marries a groom of lower status
The bride may be wealthier, more educated, older, or taller |
|
|
Isogamy
|
The bride and groom are status equals
The bride and groom have similar wealth, education, age, and height |
|
|
Patterns of Marital Residence
|
Patrilocal residence
Matrilocal residence Bilocal residence Avunculocal residence Neolocal residence |
|
|
Social Group
|
A cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinship
|
|
|
Primary Group
|
A social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis
people who interact with each other and know each other personally |
|
|
Secondary Group
|
a group of people who identify with one another on some basis but may never meet with one another personally
|
|
|
Age set
|
a group of people close in age who go through certain rituals, such as circumcision, at the same time
|
|
|
Youth Gang
|
A group of young people, found mainly in urban areas, who are often considered a social problem by adults and law enforcement officials
Variation in how organized and goals Have rituals of initiation and symbols of membership -- clothing, “colors,” tattoos |
|
|
Social Stratification
|
A set of hierarchical relationships among different groups as though they were arranged in layers, or "strata"
|
|
|
Ascribed Position
|
A person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth.
class |
|
|
Achieved Position
|
A person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action
"race" Ethnicity Caste |
|
|
Status
|
A person's position, or standing, in society
|
|
|
Mestizaje
|
Literally, a racial mixture, in central and south America, indigenous people who are cut off from their Indian roots, or literate and successful indigenous people who retain some traditional cultural practices
|
|
|
Diaspora Population
|
A dispersed group of people living outside their original homeland
|
|
|
Patriarchy
|
The dominance of men in economic, political, social and ideological domains
|
|
|
matriarchy
|
The dominance of women in economic, political, social and ideological domains
|
|
|
Caste System
|
A form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person's birth into a particular group
|
|
|
Dalit
|
The preferred name for the socially defined lowest groups in the Indian caste system; the name means "oppressed" or "ground down"
|
|
|
Civil Society
|
The collection of interest groups that function outside the government to economic and other aspects of life.
|
|
|
Varieties of Social Groups
|
Friendship
Clubs and fraternities Countercultural groups Cooperatives Self-help groups |
|
|
Friendship
|
Close social ties between at least two people, usually informal, voluntary, and involving face-to-face interaction
|
|
|
What are the benefits of friendship?
|
May contribute to economic security
Related to microcultural factors such as gender, age, class, ethnicity, and institutions Maintained through balanced exchange Usually between social equals |
|
|
Fraternities and Sororities
|
College fraternities and sororities in North America (the “Greek System”) are highly selective and serve a variety of functions, such as entertainment, match-making, and social service.
|
|
|
Countercultural Groups
|
Groups formed by people outside the “mainstream” who resist conforming to the dominant cultural pattern
Members desire to be identified with a special group youth gangs body modification groups |
|
|
Five characteristics of youth gang member personalities:
|
Intense competitiveness
Mistrust of others Self-reliance Social isolation Strong survival instinct |
|
|
Cooperatives
|
An economic group in which surpluses are shared among the members
One person, one vote Agricultural and credit cooperatives the most common forms worldwide |
|
|
Self-Help Groups
|
Formed to achieve personal goals
Proliferating in recent years Rituals of solidarity Example: Alcoholics Anonymous among working class men in Mexico City |
|
|
Hierarchical relationships
|
among different groups including outright discrimination.
|
|
|
Karl Marx’s conflict model
|
Class differences, exploitation of workers, class consciousness, and class conflict are forces of change
Class conflict would eventually be the downfall of capitalism |
|
|
“Race”
|
Recent form (past few centuries) of social inequality
Unequal meeting of formerly separate groups through colonization, slavery, and other large-group movements Not a biological reality yet social race and racism exist |
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Sense of group membership based on a shared sense of identity
Shared history Territory Language Religion Or combination of the above |
|
|
Diaspora population
|
a dispersed group living outside their original homeland
|
|
|
Caste
|
Social stratification system linked with Hinduism
Based on a person’s birth into a particular group |
|
|
Activist Groups
|
Formed with the goal of protesting conditions such as political repression or human rights violations
Can be anti-government, or anti-big power structures |
|
|
Power
|
The ability to take action in the face of resistance, through force if necessary
|
|
|
Authority
|
The ability to take action based on a person's achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation
|
|
|
Influence
|
the ability to achieve s desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some groups
|
|
|
Political Organization
|
groups within a culture that are responsible for public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats.
|
|
|
Band
|
The form of political organization of foraging groups, with flexible membership and minimal leadership
Foraging groups Between 20 and a few hundred people Leader has no power, only influence |
|
|
Tribe
|
A form of political organization that comprises several bands or linkage groups, each with similar language and lifestyle and occupying a distinct territory
|
|
|
Big-man system or Big-women system
|
A form of political organization midway between tribe and chiefdom and involving reliance on the leadership of key individuals who develop a political following through personal ties and redistributive feasts
|
|
|
Moka
|
a strategy for developing political leadership in highland new guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further gift-giving occurs
|
|
|
Chiefdom
|
political organization in which permanently allied tribes and villages have one recognized leader who holds an "office"
|
|
|
State
|
A form of political organization in which a centralized political unit encompasses many communities, a bureaucratic structure, and leaders who possess coercive power.
|
|
|
Social Control
|
Processes that, through both informal and formal mechanisms, maintain orderly social life
|
|
|
Norm
|
A generally agreed-upon standard for how people should behave, usually unwritten and learned unconsciously
|
|
|
Law
|
a binding rule created through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by the threat of punishment
|
|
|
Policing
|
The exercise of social control through processes of surveillance and the treat of punishment related to maintaining social order
|
|
|
Trial by Ordeal
|
A way of determining innocence or guilt in which the accused person is put to a test that may ne painful, stressful, or fatal
|
|
|
Critical Legal Anthropology
|
An approach within the cross-cultural study of legal systems that examines the role of law and judicial processes in maintaining the dominance of powerful groups through discriminatory practices rather than protecting less powerful people
|
|
|
Social Justice
|
a concept of fairness based on social equality that seeks to ensure entitlements and opportunities for disadvantages members of society
|
|
|
Sectarian Conflict
|
Conflict based on perceived difference between divisions or sects within a religion
|
|
|
War
|
Organized and purposeful group action directed against another group and involving lethal force
|
|
|
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
|
Business ethics that seeks to generate profits for the corporation while avoiding harm to people and the environment
|
|
|
Nation
|
a group of people who share a language, culture, territorial base, political organization, and history
|
|
|
Communication
|
The process of sending and receiving meaningful messages
|
|
|
Language
|
A form of communication that is based on a systematic set of learned symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation
|
|
|
Productivity
|
a feature of human language whereby people are able to communicate a potentially infinite number of messages efficiently
|
|
|
Call system
|
A form of oral communication among nonhuman primates with a set repertoire of meaningful sounds generated in response to environmental factors
|
|
|
Displacement
|
A feature of human language whereby people are able to talk about events in the past or future
|
|
|
Phoneme
|
A sound that makes a difference for the meaning in a spoken language
|
|
|
Ethnosemantics
|
The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in particular contexts
|
|
|
Sign Language
|
A form of communication that uses mainly hand movement to convey messages
|
|
|
Critical Media Anthropology
|
An approach within the cross-cultural study of media that examines how power interests shape people's access to media and influences the contents of its messages
|
|
|
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
|
A perspective in linguistic anthropology which says that language determines thought
|
|
|
Sociolinguistics
|
A perspective in linguistic anthropology which says that culture, society, and a person's social position determine language
|
|
|
Discourse
|
Culturally patterned verbal language including varieties of speech, participation, and meaning
|
|
|
Critical Discourse Analysis
|
An approach within linguistic anthropology that examines how power and social inequality are reflected and reproduced in communication
|
|
|
Tag Question
|
A question at the end of a sentence seeking affirmation
|
|
|
Historical linguistics
|
The study of language change using formal methods that compare shifts over time and across space in aspects of language
|
|
|
Language Family
|
A group of languages descended from a parent language
|
|
|
Logograph
|
A symbol that conveys meaning through a form or picture resembling that to which it refers
|
|
|
Khipu
|
Cords of knotted strings used during the Inca Empire for keeping accounts and recording events
|
|
|
Pidgin
|
A contact language that blends elements of at least 2 languages and that emerges when people with different languages need to communicate
|
|
|
Creole
|
A language directly descended form a pidgin but processing its own native speakers and involving linguistic expansion and elaboration
|
|
|
Global Language
|
A language spoken widely throughout the world and in diverse cultural contexts, often replacing indigenous languages
|
|
|
Textese
|
An emerging variant of written English and other languages associated with cell phone communication and involving abbreviations and creative slang
|
|
|
Leader of Bands
|
Band leader
|
|
|
Leader of tribes
|
Headman/Headwoma
|
|
|
Leader of Chiefdoms
|
Chief
|
|
|
Leader of states
|
King/Queen/President
|
|
|
Warfare
|
Organized group action directed against another group and involving lethal force
Cultural variation in reasons for warfare, types of conflict, levels of injury |
|
|
Formal properties of communication
|
Sounds
Grammar Vocabulary |
