Anthropology Exam 1 Shore Extra I

Front 1

Scientific Roots

Back 1

Accounts as explanation & generation

Front 2

Humanistic Roots

Back 2

Accounts as translation & interpretation

Front 3

Physical Anthropology

Back 3

Primatology, genetics, human origins, growth, disease

Front 4

Archeology

Back 4

Digging, dating, interpreting, reconstructing

Front 5

Cultural Anthropology

Back 5

Culture, world view, social organizations,institutions

Front 6

Linguistic Anthropology

Back 6

language learning, grammars, social uses of language, sound systems

Front 7

Alfred Russel Wallace

Back 7

Competitor with Darwin and lost because Darwin had a better writing style.

Front 8

Thomas Malthus

Back 8

Linked need for food and desire for sex because they are the two main “appetites” of mankind→one is for the individual continuance, and one is for the continuance of the species

Front 9

Iron Law

Back 9

Natural condition of the living world was a competition for the basic resources necessary for survival→only the strongest would survive

Front 10

Geometric increase

Back 10

exponential numbers

Front 11

Subsistence Increases

Back 11

constant number

Front 12

Law of Unit Inheritance

Back 12

•Genetic inheritance is particulate rather than gradual (we’re made up of bits of information)
•Traits are binary
•One allele is dominant, one is recessive.

Front 13

Law of Segregation

Back 13

No parent passes all genetic material to any one offspring

Front 14

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 14

Pairs of alleles = passed to offspring independent of each other

Front 15

New World Monkeys

Back 15

Marmosets (South America)
Tamarins (Cnt. and S.America)
(flat nose, prehensile tail)

Front 16

Old World Monkeys

Back 16

Mandrills (Africa)
Baboons (Africa)
Lemur (Asia)
(Narrow pointed nose)

Front 17

Human-Primate similarities

Back 17

Learning, tools, flexibility to resources

Front 18

Human-Primate Differences

Back 18

sharing, mating (estrus in monkeys)

Front 19

Fluorine Dating

Back 19

The rate at which fluorine from ground water bonds with bone calcium. can be used to identify whether bones came from the same site or not. (Relative)

Front 20

POTASSIUM-ARGON (K/Ar) Dating

Back 20

500,000 y.b.p. to the beginning of the earth. Volcanic Rock
(Absolute Dating)

Front 21

Uranium series dating

Back 21

1,000 to 1 million y.b.p. Minerals
(absolute Dating)

Front 22

Carbon-14 dating

Back 22

500 to 40,000 years Organic materials
(absolute dating)

Front 23

Ardipithecus Kaddaba

Back 23

Probable ancestor of Australopithecines
Discovered in 2001 in Ethiopia

Front 24

Ardipithecus ramidis

Back 24

Ethiopia. arm bones are a mosaic of ape and human traits. possibly bipedal

Front 25

Australopithecus Anamensis

Back 25

Bipedal hominid
Discovered in Kenya

Front 26

First Australopithecine discovery:

Back 26

the Taung child. Found by Dart.

Front 27

Australopithecus robustus

Back 27

Discovered by Robert Broom. Jaw features are intermediate between humans & apes

Front 28

Mary and Louis Leakey

Back 28

Tanzania. Australopithecus boisei
•Robust;
•Teeth are larger than those of Homo sapiens, but the dental arcade is clearly parabolic

Front 29

“Lucy”

Back 29

Discovered by Donald Johnson
oAfar region in Ethiopia
oDiscovered 40% of an adult skeleton
oClearly bipedal from its posture and leg bones
oAustralopithecus afarensis

Front 30

H. Erectus life ways (Terra Amata)

Back 30

•Controlled fire
•Small hut
•Family units
•Organized hunting

Front 31

Homo heidelbergensis

Back 31

-Found in Heidelberg, Germany
-Somewhat similar to the European neandertals; survived in Africa at around the same time period

Front 32

Substantive Universals

Back 32

They define how all humans are alike
• Brain architecture, physical constraints, certain reflexes (e.g. moro reflex), basic developmental patterns, possession of language ability, basic emotions

Front 33

Generative Universals

Back 33

shared abilities and structures that generate variability in adaptations.
They define how we become different from one another.
-Brain plasticity and neural functioning ,Paedomorphic traits , Delayed maturation and extended social dependency, Language,Play Object manipulation

Front 34

1st Principal of Natural Selection

Back 34

Competition results from a struggle between the natural fertility of individuals and environmental limits
-Implication: competition for survival = universal condition of living things

Front 35

2nd Principal of Natural Selection

Back 35

Survival of the Fittest- only those individuals best adapted to the environment will survive to reproduce.
-Purpose of life = to reproduce life.
-Only value consistent is the reproductive survival of genes.

Front 36

3rd Principal of Natural Selection

Back 36

Selection acts on the individual organism directly and only indirectly on the group→”selection” implies final cause, never poses a SELECTOR
-no divine selector or creator

Front 37

4th Principal of Natural Selection

Back 37

“Survival” = success of differential adaptations to a local niche
-can share environments with people and not be competing with them
-ability to maintain and continue offspring that are themselves bio. viable
-Sexual selection & differential mortality = reproductive success
-natural selection; what enhances ability to have sex
-male animals fighting to show strength

Front 38

5th Principal of Natural Selection

Back 38

Differential “fitness” of individuals = reproductive success and the differential abilities of individuals to contribute to the gene pool available to the next generation.

Front 39

6th Principal of Natural Selection

Back 39

Natural selection is opportunistic, non-directed, and non-teleological.
-no creator being in charge of natural selection; only goal = survival.
-evolution is intrinsically relativistic

Front 40

7th Principal of Natural Selection

Back 40

Changing and variable environments produce over time adaptive radiation, which produces speciation.