Anthropology Exam 1 Shore 1-5

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Anthropology

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“The scientific study of human nature in light of the biological and cultural diversity among human populations.”

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Archaeological Anthropology

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The study of human behavior and cultural patterns and processes through the culture’s material remains.

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Biocultural

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Referring to the inclusion and combination (to solve a common problem) of both biological and cultural approaches—one of anthropology’s hallmarks.

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Biological Anthropology

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The study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.

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Cultural Anthropology

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The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

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Culture

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Distinctly human; transmitted through learning; traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs.

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Ethnography

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Fieldwork in a particular culture.

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Ethnology

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Cross-cultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data, society, and culture.

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Food Production

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Cultivation of plants and domestication (stockbreeding) of animals; first developed 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

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General Anthropology

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The field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology.

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Holistic

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Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture.

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Linguistic Anthropology

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The descriptive, comparative, and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, and society.

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Science

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A systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world.

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Sociolinguistics

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Investigates relationships between social and linguistic variations.

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Theory

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A set of ideas formulated (by reasoning from known facts) to explain something. The main value of a theory is to promote new understanding. A theory suggest patterns, connections, and relationships that may be confirmed by new research.

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Absolute Dating

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Dating techniques that establish dates in numbers or ranges of numbers; examples include the radiometric methods of 14C, K/A, 238U, TL, and ESR dating.

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Anthropometry

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The measurement of human body parts and dimensions, including skeletal parts (osteometry).

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Bone Biology

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The study of bone as a biological tissue, including its genetics; cell structure; growth, development, and decay; and patterns of movement (biomechanics).

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Dendrochronology

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Or tree-ring dating: a method of absolute dating based on the study and comparison of patterns of tree-ring growth.

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Excavation

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Digging through the layers of deposits that make up an archaeological or fossil site.

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Fossils

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Remains (e.g., bones), traces, or impressions (e.g., footprints) of ancient life.

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Informed Consent

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Agreement to take part in research, after the people being studied have been told about that research’s purpose, nature, procedures, and potential impact on them.

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Molecular Anthropology

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Genetic analysis, involving comparison of DNA sequences, to determine evolutionary links and distances among species and among ancient and modern populations.

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Paleoanthropology

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Study of hominid and human life through the fossil record.

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Paleontology

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Study of ancient life through the fossil record.

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Paleopathology

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Study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites.

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Palynology

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Study of ancient plants through pollen samples from archaeological or fossil sites in order to determine a site’s environment at the time of occupation.

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Relative Dating

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Dating technique, for example, stratigraphy, that establishes a time frame in relation to other strata or materials, rather than absolute dates in numbers.

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Remote Sensing

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Use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground.

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Stratigraphy

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Science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata (singular, stratum).

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Systematic Survey

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Information gathered on patterns of settlement over a large area; provides a regional perspective on the archaeological record.

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Taphonomy

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The study of the processes that affect the remains of dead animals, such as their scattering by carnivores and scavengers, their distortion by various forces, and their possible fossilization.

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Allen’s Rule

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Rule stating that the relative size of protruding body parts (such as ears, tails, bills, fingers, toes, and limbs) tends to increase in warmer climates.

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Bergmann’s rule

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Rule stating that the smaller of two bodies similar in shape has more surface area per unit of weight and therefore can dissipate heat more efficiently; hence, large bodies tend to be found in colder areas and small bodies in warmer ones.

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Cline

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A gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations.

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Hypervitaminosis D

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Condition caused by an excess of vitamin D; calcium deposits build up in the body’s soft tissues, and the kidneys may fail; symptoms include gallstones and joint and circulation problems; may affect unprotected light-skinned individuals in the tropics.

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Melanin

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Substance manufactured in specialized cells in the lower layers of the epidermis (outer skin layer); melanin cells in dark skin produce more melanin than do those in light skin.

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Phenotypical Adaptation

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Adaptive biological changes that occur during the individual’s lifetime, made possible by biological plasticity.

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Racial Classification

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The attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry.

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Rickets

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Nutritional disease caused by a shortage of vitamin D; interferes with the absorption of calcium and causes softening and deformation of the bones.

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Tropics

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Between the Tropic of Cancer (north) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south).

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Adaptive

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Favored by natural selection in a particular environment.

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Allele

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A biochemical variant of a particular gene.

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Balanced Polymorphism

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Two or more forms, such as alleles of the same gene, that maintain a constant frequency in a population from generation to generation.

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Biochemical Genetics

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Field that studies structure, function, and changes in genetic material—aka molecular genetics.

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Catastrophism

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View that extinct species were destroyed by fires, floods, and other catastrophes. After each destructive event, God created again, leading to contemporary species.

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Chromosomes

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Basic genetic units, occurring in matching (homologous) pairs; lengths of DNA made up of multiple genes.

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Creationism

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Explanation for the origin of species given in Genesis: God created the species during the original six days of Creation.

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Crossing Over

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During meiosis, the process by which homologous chromosomes intertwine and exchange segments of their DNA.

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Dominant

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Allele that masks another allele in a heterozygote.

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Evolution

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Belief that species arose from others through a long and gradual process of transformation, or descent with modification.

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Gene

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Area in a chromosome pair that determines, wholly or partially, a particular biological trait, such as whether one’s blood type is A, B, or O.

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Gene Flow

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Exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species through direct or indirect interbreeding.

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Gene Pool

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All the alleles, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes within a breeding population—the “pool” of genetic material available.

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Genetic Evolution

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Change in gene frequency within a breeding population.

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Genotype

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An organism’s hereditary makeup (outside)

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Heterozygous

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Having dissimilar alleles of a given gene.

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Homozygous

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Possessing identical alleles of a particular gene.

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Independent assortment

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Mendel’s law of; chromosomes are inherited independently of one another.

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Macroevolution

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Large-scale changes in allele frequencies in a population, usually over a longer time period (than microevolution)—changes that culminate in the evolution of new species.

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Meiosis

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Special process by which sex cells are produced; four cells are produced from one, each with half the genetic material of the original cell.

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Mendelian Genetics

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Studies ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across the generations.

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Microevolution

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Small-scale changes in allele frequencies over generations without speciation.

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Mitosis

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Ordinary cell division; DNA molecules copy themselves, creating two identical cells out of one.

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Mutation

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Change in the DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built.

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Natural Selection

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The process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population; more than survival of the fittest, natural selection is differential reproductive success.

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Phenotype

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An organism’s evident traits, its “manifest biology”—anatomy and physiology.

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Population Genetics

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Field that studies causes of genetic variation, maintenance, and change in breeding populations.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

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Evolutionary theory that long periods of stasis (stability), during which species change little, are interrupted (punctuated) by evolutionary leaps.

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Random Genetic Drift

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Change in gene frequency that results not from natural selection but from chance; most evident in small populations.

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Recessive

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Genetic trait masked by a dominant trait.

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Recombination

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Following independent assortment of chromosomes, new arrangements of hereditary units produced through bisexual reproduction.

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Sexual Selection

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Based on differential success in mating, the process in which certain traits of one sex (e.g., color in male birds) are selected because of advantages they confer in winning mates.

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Speciation

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Formation of new species; occurs when subgroups of the same species are separated for a sufficient length of time.

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Species

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Population whose members can interbreed to produce offspring that can live and reproduce.

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Uniformitarianism

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Belief that explanations for past events should be sought in ordinary forces that continue to work today.

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Efficient cause

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The wind blew me out of the window. Modern medicine = based on this idea. Prior conditions, entities, or events considered to have caused the thing in question.

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Material cause

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The strength of the rod is due to its steel composition. Intrinsic to what it’s made of.

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Formal cause

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Low degree of drag of this race car results from its aerodynamic shape. Caused by form/shape.

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Final cause

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I jumped out of the window to avoid the flames. Cause is the goal or end.

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Bishop James Ussher

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Established a date for when the world was started and Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden

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Carolus Linneaus

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•Developed first scientific taxonomy of species.
•Developed to support Biblical view of creation

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Georges Cuvier

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Believed in Catastrophism

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Erasmus Darwin

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•Charles Darwin’s grandfather
•Formulated one of the first formal theories on evolution
o Believed that the idea that nature is based on a template of categories was not true
All living things are related to each other→everything evolved from a common link.

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Georges-Luis Leclerc

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Noted similarities between humans and apes and even talked about common ancestry of the two.

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Jean Baptiste De Lamarck

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•Believed organisms are not passively altered by their environment
•Change in environment causes change in needs of organisms living in that environment

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Lamarck's First Law

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The rule that use or disuse causes structures to enlarge or shrink

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Lamarck's Second Law

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all such changes were heritable. EX) horse to giraffe

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Charles Lyell

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Nothing stays the same over time-the earth is constantly changing. Proved through different layers of rock in soil.