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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two approaches in Anthropology and what do they mean?
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1. Diachronic - human study through time, how long they last, change rapidly (change across time
2. Synchronic - looking at people at one time could be just one region and compare groups of people (change across region) |
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Paradigm
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accepted methods, standards, and practices of a particular discipline
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List the 3 main themes in Anthropology
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1. Holistic - study groups as a whole, total range of human activity
2. Comparative - what makes them different or similar 3. System and Process |
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What are the steps of the scientic method and why would it be used?
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It is used to change the identification of a group or an idea or a society
1. Identify a Research Problem 2. Data Gathered to solve problem 3. Hypothesis is produced 4. Scientifically tested 5. If not falsified, then a theory |
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Through culture, what is the major ways that humans adapt to their enviroment?
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1. Learned Behaviors
2. Material Objects |
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What is a society?
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group of people persisting through time and the social relationship among these people
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State some facts or definititions about Cultural Anthropology
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It is a look at cultures and societies at the time the research is being done, typically focus on one culture or region at a time, examines origins & developments & diversities by changes in time, changes among people, and how culture began/changed
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Language is under what area of Anthropology? And what are some of the items this area of study involves?
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-Linguistic Anthropology
-language is the primary means of communication, its a complex symbolic social system |
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What are some of the characteristics of a language being a complex social system?
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Languages are clues to understanding culture, not genetic, must be learned, more than words (inflections, expressions, gestures)
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What is studied in Historical Linguistics?
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studies how languages relate to each other (histories and migrations)
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Archaeology involves what 3 main items of study
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1. Artifacts
2. Features 3. Ecofacts |
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What is an artifact?
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materials manufactured or altered by humans
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What is a Feature in terms of archaeology?
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artifacts that can't be moved
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What are Ecofacts?
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natural objects that people use in some way
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What are some items about Physical or Biological Anthropology?
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it studies human adaptation and evolution, examines humans from a biological perspective, many subfields or specialties
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What is being studied and what is the goal of Applied Anthropolgy?
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studies big questions about humans (origins, developments, social institutions)
Goal is to work with governments to help solve social, political, or economic problems (Iraq War) |
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What are some benefits to using Applied Anthropology?
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It demostrates the importance of culture, allows us to examine our own culture, fights ethnocentrism
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Racism
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belief that excludes groups from equality and or freedom
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Definition of racial classification
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No agreed definition, all humans have equal capacity for culture, bo biological difference
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Race is just an arbitrary selection of traits. What are these traits?
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visual, no biological importance, enviromentally important differences
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What is the relationship between individual differences and racial differences?
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Individual differences > Racial Differences
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What can be said about people who live in similar regions?
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Those people will have similar traits, such as those of the Homo Sapiens
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Biopsychological Equality
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all humans have equals capacity for culture, no groups are isolated enough
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Cultural Relativism
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the idea that people's values and customs must be understood in terms of the culture in which they are a part of, must suspend judgement to understand other cultures, key research tool in cultural anth., understand culture w/o approval or disapproval
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What is Evolution and what can be said about it?
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only populations evolve, small and large changes, based on easily observed traits, variation cause by mutation (random changes in genetic material)
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What are some of the causes of Evolution?
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most animals do not survive long enough to produce offspring (applied to humans before modern medicine), ones who survived had a selective advantage
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What is selective advantage in how it relates to Evolution?
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it is the ability to handle the enviroment better than others, natural selection or survival of the fittest (better reproductive success)
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What is meant by the Fixity of Species?
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species don't change, created as appear now by God, universe was part of God's Grand Design, Archbishop sets the earth's creation to 4004 BC (big problem)
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What did Comte de Buffon claim?
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Claimed that climate conditions change species
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What did Eramus Deuriom claim?
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life arose from the sea
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What Classification system was started by John Ray and finished by Carolus Linnaus? And what did it mean or say?
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-Taxonomic System of Classification
-organs need to be listed and categorized, developed species and genus |
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What are some of the things that happen or can be said about Natural Selection?
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rate of reproduction > rate of food , creates competition between individuals, enviroment determines favorable traits, traits are inherited, successful traits are accumulated in group
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What are the factos with Evolutionary Change?
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traits have to be inherited for natural selection, variation is necessary within inherited characteristics in a population, reproductive success is relative and changes with enviromental changes
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Modern Evolutionary Theory
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mutation and selective processes are not opposing, both needed for organic evolution, mutation leads to Natural Selection
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Punctuated Equillibruim
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developed by Jay Gould and Niles Eldridge, where species are stable for long periods of time, mutations occur, rapid change to new species
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What are the 2 Stages of Evolution?
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1. Production and redistribution of variation
2. Natural Selection acting on this variation (influences ability to reproduce) |
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Modern Definition of Evolution
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a change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next in a given population
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Definition of Population
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group of interbreeding individuals (from modern definition of evolution)
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In regards to the modern definition of evolution, what are microevolution and macroevolution?
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Micro- short term changes that may not be noticeable
Macro - Long term changes that allows allele to accumulate in a population and appear |
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What is the Hardy-Weinburg Equillibrium?
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measures allele frequencies for specific traits, observed frequencies are compared with a mathematical model to determine if evolution is taking place, determines if allele frequencies are changing in a given population
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Allele
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One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome,
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Waht are the 4 factors based on Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium?
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1. Produce new variation (mutation)
2. Redistribution variation through gene flow 3. Redistribute variation through genetic drift 4. Select advantages allele contributeions that promote reproduction success |
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Mutuation
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one gene changes to another, rate are very small, rarely occurs for a disadvantage, only way to produce new gentic variation
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Gene Flow
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exchange of genes between populations, involves migration
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Migration (in terms of genes)
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constant factor in human evolution, large and small scale population movements
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Founder's Effect
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when a group is genetically isolated, all genes come from founding population, can cause rare alleles
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Evolutionary Split
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Apes (humans included) split from the Old World Monkeys 25 to 20 million years ago
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Promisians and some characteristics
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most primitive of the primates
1. Reliance on olfaction 2. laterally placed eyes 3. Shorter gestation and maturation periods 4. Dental spcialization called dental comb |
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What are some common traits of Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)?
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large brain and body size, reduced reliance on the sense of smell, greater degree of color and vision, bony plate at the back of the eye socket, different female reproductive anatomy, longer gestation and matuation period, fused mandible
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Monkeys
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represent 85% of primate species, divided into Old World (Africa and Asia) and New World (South and Central America)
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What are Hominoids?
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Apes and Humans
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What are some Hominiod characteristics?
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Large body size, absence of tail, shortened trunk or torso, more complex behavior, more complex brain and enhanced cognitive abilities, increased period of infant development and dependency
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What are some species of Apes?
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Gibbons, Siamangs, Orangutans
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Sexual Dimorphism
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In apes (orangatans) where the males are extremely larger than the females.
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Name some of the Great Apes
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Gorilla, Chimps, Bonobos
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List some characteristics of Homo Sapiens
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humans are the only living species in the Hominidae family, teeth are typical of primates, dependent on vision, flexible limbs and grasping hangs,cognitive abilities from increase brain size, omnivorous diet, bipedal
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What is homeothermy?
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ability to maintain constant body temperature
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Primate Characteristics
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Loss of smell, rely more on vision, grasping hands, accurate eye sight (stereoscopic vision), fur, long gestation followed by live birth, higher capacity for learning flexibility
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What are some Characteristics of Primate Social Life?
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Most live in social groups, Core bond between mother and infant for teaching and learning, developement of social herarchies which determines access to food, sex, and other resources
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What are the two hypothesis that try to explain how primates developed?
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1. Visual Predation Hypothesis
2. Arboreal Hypothesis |
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What is the Visual Predation Hypothesis?
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thinks primates may have first adapted to shrub by forest undergrowth and the lowest tiers of the forest canopy, forward eyes for distance
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What is the Arboreal Hypothesis?
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Arboreal tree living msot important factor where adapting to climb in trees, a varity of foods let to omnivorous diet and generalized dentition
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What are some Primate habitats?
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they are mostly tropical or semitropical of new/old world, most arboreal living in forest or woodland areas, all spend some time in trees, non are fully terrestrial
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Primates used what kind of tools?
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use of rocks, twigs, leaves, thought at one time to be the difference between humans and primates
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What types of primates used more sophisticated tools?
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chimps and bonobos
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What tools or tool related actions did Chimps perform?
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hammered stones to break nuts, termite fishing, larf sponges for teeth cleaning, requires thinking and planning, females are first acquire tools skills, females then pass it on to their offspring
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