Anthropology Chapters 7-14

Front 1

ethnomusicology

Back 1

comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society.

Front 2

what type of music is an example of ethnomusicology?

Back 2

non-western music

Front 3

cultural universal

Back 3

runs in families, suggesting genetic predisposition.

Front 4

monoculture

Back 4

specialized in large-scale production of a single crop for sale to distant consumers.

Front 5

what did monoculture create for slaves?

Back 5

the demand and sugar.

Front 6

religious symbols

Back 6

may have supernatural powers in and of themselves, such as the masks used in some african ceremonies.

Front 7

God (deity)

Back 7

named spirit believed to control some aspect of the world, or to be the creator.

Front 8

High Gods

Back 8

often understood to be the creator of the world.

Front 9

sacrifice

Back 9

people try to increase their spiritual purity or the efficiency of their prayers by making offerings to spirits or Gods.

Front 10

what may some people sacrifice?

Back 10

fruits, animals, humans.

Front 11

Clifford Geert (1966)

Back 11

believed that religion is a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations by formulating concepts of a general order of existence.

Front 12

what are the two types of magic?

Back 12

imitative and contagious

Front 13

imitative magic

Back 13

the procedure performed resembles the result desired.

Front 14

what is an example of imitative magic?

Back 14

voodoo doll

Front 15

contagious magic

Back 15

the belief that things once in contact with a person retain an invisible connection with that person or object.

Front 16

what is an example of contagious magic?

Back 16

good luck charms

Front 17

divination

Back 17

a religious ritual performed to find hidden object or information.

Front 18

what is an example of divination?

Back 18

tarot cards

Front 19

what are the three phases of the Rite of Passage?

Back 19

seperation, liminal, reincorporation.

Front 20

collectiveness

Back 20

religion is collective, social, shared, and enacted.

Front 21

communitas

Back 21

intense feeling of social solidarity resulting from collective emotional intensity associated with worship.

Front 22

what are the two class systems?

Back 22

class and social mobility.

Front 23

class system

Back 23

a category of persons with about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige, and who are ranked high and low in relation to each other.

Front 24

social mobility

Back 24

possibilities for movement between the classes of social stratification.

Front 25

what are income and wealth inequalities tied to?

Back 25

health, family structure, and educational achievement.

Front 26

what does Lyon-Callon argue?

Back 26

that homelessness is due to Laissez-Faire economics.

Front 27

caste system

Back 27

system of stratification based on birth. (ascribed status)

Front 28

describe racial classifications in Brazil

Back 28

brazil is promoted politically as a "racial democracy".

Front 29

is race in the US or Brazil for flexible?

Back 29

US

Front 30

what are the three stone ages?

Back 30

paleolithic, mesolithic, and neolithic.

Front 31

how long ago was the paleolithic stone age?

Back 31

15,000-12,000 years ago.

Front 32

what is the paleolithic diet?

Back 32

hunting, gathering, fishing, which leads to food production.

Front 33

how long ago was the mesolithic stone age?

Back 33

12,000 years ago.

Front 34

what kind of species were apart of the mesolithic stone age?

Back 34

deer, wild boar, etc.

Front 35

how long ago was plant cultivation in europe during the mesolithic stone age?

Back 35

7,500 years ago.

Front 36

how long ago was plant cultivation in the middle-east during the mesolithic stone age?

Back 36

11,000 years ago.

Front 37

what did people of the neolithic stone age depend on?

Back 37

domesticated foods, plants, and animals.

Front 38

when was the Teotihuacan flourished?

Back 38

from 100 to 700 C.E.

Front 39

what was the Teotihuacan's weather like compared to southern mexico?

Back 39

cooler and drier.

Front 40

what did maize (corn) production allow?

Back 40

urbanization

Front 41

domestication

Back 41

plants and seeds are larger, produce larger crops, etc.

Front 42

what did western asia (Pakistan) domesticate?

Back 42

goats, sheep, cattle

barley, wheat

Front 43

what did eastern asia (China) domesticate?

Back 43

cattle and goats

millet and rice

Front 44

what did africa domesticate?

Back 44

sheep and goats

Front 45

what did europe domesticate?

Back 45

full farming communities

Front 46

what are two types of avoidance?

Back 46

primate and inbreeding

Front 47

primates

Back 47

one sex will usually move away.

Front 48

inbreeding

Back 48

decline in fertility, disease, and does not account for cross vs parallel.

Front 49

incest taboo

Back 49

prohibits certain individuals from having sex with each other?

Front 50

what is the most widespread taboo?

Back 50

mating between mother and son, father and daughter, and sister and brother.

Front 51

sexual access

Back 51

a basic right conferred by marriage, incest taboos effectively prohibit marriage among certain kin.

Front 52

exogamy

Back 52

rules specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group.

Front 53

what is exogamy reinforced by?

Back 53

incest taboo

Front 54

what are the three types of endogamy?

Back 54

homogamy, caste, and royal.

Front 55

homogamy

Back 55

marrying within the same social class.

Front 56

caste endogamy

Back 56

ascribed stratified groups.

Front 57

royal endogamy

Back 57

permissive brother-sister marriage.

Front 58

what are the two types of first cousins?

Back 58

parallel and cross

Front 59

parallel cousins

Back 59

children of two brothers or two sisters. SAME SEX COUSINS.

Front 60

cross cousins

Back 60

children of a brother and a sister. DIFFERENT SEX COUSINS.

Front 61

molety

Back 61

each of two social groups into which a person is divided.

Front 62

why is marriage important when choosing a mate?

Back 62

because it links kin groups of the married couple.

Front 63

arranged marriages

Back 63

a marriage planned and agreed to by the families at the bride and groom, who usually have little or no say in the matter themselves.

Front 64

bride service

Back 64

the husband must work for a specified period of time for his wife's family.

Front 65

where does bride service usually occur?

Back 65

in foraging society, where accumulating material goods is difficult.

Front 66

bride wealth

Back 66

referred to as Sobola.

Front 67

what is the most common form of marriage exchange?

Back 67

bride wealth

Front 68

dowry

Back 68

presentation of goods by the bride's kin to the groom's family.

Front 69

two types of durable marriages?

Back 69

levirate and sorogate

Front 70

levirate

Back 70

man marries the widow of his deceased brother.

Front 71

sorogate

Back 71

when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife.

Front 72

monogamy

Back 72

married to only one person.

Front 73

pleural marriage

Back 73

a wife cannot produce offspring and the wife's family may need to provide another female. (sister)

Front 74

polygamy

Back 74

a rule allowing more than one spouse.

Front 75

what are the two types of polygamy?

Back 75

polygyny and polyandry

Front 76

polygyny

Back 76

man with more than one wife.

Front 77

polyandry

Back 77

woman with more than one husband.

Front 78

kinship system

Back 78

kingship relations, kin groups, and terms of classifying king in a society.

Front 79

descent groups

Back 79

affiliations between children and parents.

Front 80

unilineal descent

Back 80

descent along one parents line based on links through the mother or father.

Front 81

what are the advantages of unilinear descent?

Back 81

forms non-overlapping descent groups that perpetuate themselves over time even though membership changes.

provides clear group membership for everyone in the society.

Front 82

what are two types of unilineal descent?

Back 82

lineage and clan

Front 83

lineage

Back 83

group of kin whose members trace descent from common ancestors.

Front 84

clan

Back 84

members believe that they are descended from common ancestor but who can not trace the link through known relatives.

Front 85

patrilineage

Back 85

descent is traced through male lineage.

inherited through father to son.

Front 86

matrilineage

Back 86

descent is traced through female line.

children belong to the mother's descent group.

Front 87

what are two types of non-unilinear descent?

Back 87

bilateral and ambilineal

Front 88

bilateral

Back 88

system under which maternal and paternal lines are used in reckoning descent.

Front 89

ambilineal

Back 89

individual may choose to affiliate with either the father or mother's descent group.

Front 90

kingship classification system

Back 90

the system of kinship terms and the rules for using these terms.

Front 91

hawaiin system

Back 91

the least complex kin naming pattern.

Front 92

sudanese system

Back 92

the most complex kin naming pattern.

Front 93

what are two types of families?

Back 93

nuclear and extended

Front 94

nuclear family

Back 94

organized around the conjugal tie, the relationship between husband and wife.

Front 95

extended family

Back 95

based on consanguineal, or blood, relations extending over 3 or more generations.

Front 96

what are two types of nuclear families?

Back 96

orientation family and protection family.

Front 97

orientation family

Back 97

birth and critical relations is to parents and/or siblings.

Front 98

protection family

Back 98

marriage and critical relations is to children and spouse.

Front 99

The Nayar

Back 99

matrilineal group from southern india.

live in family groups TARAWADS.

marriage is a coming of age ceremony.

Front 100

what are economic advantages of extended families?

Back 100

keeps land intact and provides security in times of crisis, provides a sense of anticipation and dignity for the older family members, and is organized around a man, his sons, and the sons' wives and children.

Front 101

patrilocal residence

Back 101

woman lives with her husband's family after marriage.

Front 102

matrilocal residence

Back 102

man lives with his wife's family after marriage.

Front 103

avunculocal residence

Back 103

a married couple is expected to live with the husband's mother's brother.

Front 104

neolocal residence

Back 104

couple establishes an independent household after marriage.

Front 105

bifocal residence

Back 105

a couple can choose between living with either the wife or husband's family.

Front 106

patriarchy

Back 106

political system ruled by men.