Anthropology Chapters 3-5

Front 1

Modes of Reproduction

Back 1

Foraging, Agriculture, industrial

Front 2

Foraging mode of reproduction

Back 2

Moderate birth (2-3) and death rate. Biological constrains of fertility: diet (low fat), lots of physical activity, and children has moderate value.

Front 3

Agriculture mode of Reproduction

Back 3

High birth rate (6-10) and low death rate. Children are high value because of labor. Increased specialization: midwives and family planners.

Front 4

Industrial mode of Reproduction

Back 4

Replacement level of birth rate. Children are less useful and more expensive.

Front 5

Pronatalism

Back 5

An attitude or policy that promotes childbearing

Front 6

Fertility decision making @ family level

Back 6

Considers: labor value of children, infant/child mortality rate, expenses of children, and insurance/taking care of parents

Front 7

Fertility decision making @ state level

Back 7

Economic factors (labor requirements, maintaining tax rates), military, maintaining ethnic/region proportions, and probatalist/antinatalist motivations.

Front 8

Fertility decision making @ the global level

Back 8

Religious spreading and international relations (US aid)

Front 9

Indigenous fertility control methods

Back 9

There are many ways (500 in Afghanistan): midwives, herbalists, pills, vapors

Front 10

Induced abortion as fertility control

Back 10

Not very common. Done by: hard work, jumping, stick pushing. Because: child too much $$$, poverty, government restricted policies, ect

Front 11

New technology as fertility control

Back 11

Vitro fertilization: eggs fertilized outside womb.

Front 12

Infanticide

Back 12

The killing of an infant child. Not very common. By: smothering, beating, starving, or poisoning. Because child is deformed, sick, or can't take care of it.

Front 13

Personality

Back 13

An individual's patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Front 14

Enculturation

Back 14

Learning culture through informal or formal means. Is how personality is formed.

Front 15

Birth, infancy, and childhood in lifecycle

Back 15

Birth: context of birth influences the psychological development of the child, e.g. With support group vs in hospital

Bonding: important not critical for development of infant

Front 16

Gender in infants

Back 16

Gender varies with culture. Some evidence that COULD be inborn gender characteristic: 1) males more aggressive 2) females more social 3) males more indepdent

Front 17

Socializing during childhood in the lifecycle

Back 17

The 6 cultures study studied children 3-11 and found: horticulture societies have more nurturant-responsible children because children have more responsibilities. And industrialized societies have more dependent-dominant children because less responsibility and mom's at home more.

Front 18

Adolescence and identity in the lifecycle

Back 18

Biological changes, from puberty to adulthood. Cultural: gender roles determined. Adolescence is culturally defined, when mature. Coming of age often involves rituals which involve body modification e.g. Jewish bar mitzvahs, satere-mawe in Amazon (bullet ants), and FGC.

Front 19

Sexual identity and gender pluralism

Back 19

Now there are multiple categories of gender: male, female, transgender (sex at birth wrong).

Front 20

Hija

Back 20

In India, a 2-spirited person. Not strictly male or female but acts female. Was respected because was related to the goddess of fertility, but now discriminated against.

Front 21

Adulthood in the life cycle

Back 21

When parenthood begins is determined by the culture. Some a pregnancy others at birth, others if boy.

Front 22

Matrescence

Back 22

The process of becoming a mother

Front 23

Couvade

Back 23

Customs applying to the father during or after the birth of the children

Front 24

Death and dying in the lifecycle

Back 24

Some cultures resist death with technology (US). Other cultures accept it (Alaska).

Front 25

Ethnomedicine

Back 25

The study of cross-cultural health systems.

Front 26

Illness

Back 26

People's perspective and experiences of a health problems

Front 27

Disease

Back 27

Abnormalities in structure or function of organ or organ systems

Front 28

Somatization

Back 28

When the body absorbs social stress and manifests it in health problems

Front 29

Cultural specific syndrome

Back 29

Health problems with symptoms associated with a specific culture. E.g. Susto: shock disease, in Latin countries, from death or a terrible accident, results in sleep loss, appetite loss, or weakness.

Front 30

Ethni-etiologies

Back 30

A casual cross-cultural explanation for health problems: natural, social economic, psychological, or supernatural.

Front 31

Structural suffering

Back 31

Health problems caused by powerful sources e.g. War, famine, poverty

Front 32

Healing ways

Back 32

Community healing--community energy, openness

Humoral healing--balance between natural elements: food/drugs to balance heat/cool

Healers--all people informal/specialized: midwives, bone setters, shamans

Healing substances--phytotherapy: healing with plant use

Front 33

Curing

Back 33

Eliminating the evidence of the disease

Front 34

Healing

Back 34

Becoming whole, restore well-being body/social group

Front 35

Ecological/epidemiology

Back 35

Studies how the natural and social environment interact to cause illness

Front 36

Symbolic/interprerivist

Back 36

Studies how different cultures label, describe, or experience illness and how healing systems evoke meaningful responses.

Front 37

Critical medical anthropology

Back 37

Studies how structural factors (global, political, social) affect health problems and systems.

Front 38

Globalization and change of health

Back 38

Infectious diseases, diseases of development, medical pluralism, and applied medical anthropology